印度鐵路是如何發(fā)展起來的?

Nitesh Yadav
How did the Indian Railways come into being?
let us see about Indian Railways.
The core of the pressure for building railways in India came from London in 1840s. For a century thereafter the basic policies and ultimate management of the Indian Railways were issued from London. The British built railways in India in order to intermesh the economies of the two countries. The building of railways in India brought about unintended as well as hoped for consequences in economic, political and military front. The new railways tied the the different parts of India together more closely than ever before.

印度鐵路是如何發(fā)展起來的？
讓我們看看印度鐵路。
19世紀(jì)40年代，印度鐵路建設(shè)壓力的核心來自倫敦。此后的一個世紀(jì)里，印度鐵路的基本政策和最終管理都是從倫敦發(fā)布的。英國人在印度修建鐵路是為了使兩國經(jīng)濟相互融合。印度的鐵路建設(shè)在經(jīng)濟、政治和軍事方面帶來了意想不到也可以說帶來希望的影響。新鐵路將印度不同地區(qū)比以往任何時候都更加緊密地聯(lián)系在一起。

Some mention should be made of the role of Indian businessmen played in the early years. There were Indian merchants , both in Calcutta and Bombay who took an interest in founding of the railways. The most prominent of these was a remarkable Bengali merchant Prince Dwarkanath Tagore , grandfather of Nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore. Dwarkanath's firm Carr, Tagore & Company, is reported to have offered in 1844, to raise one-third of the capital required for a railway from Calcutta northwest to the coalfields above Burdwan. After Dwarkanath's premature death a few tears later the other Indian businessmen played only a passive role. The conception, promotion and launching of India's railways were all British.

應(yīng)該提到印度商人在早期發(fā)揮的作用。加爾各答和孟買的印度商人都對建立鐵路感興趣。其中最著名的是杰出的孟加拉商人德瓦侃納特·泰戈爾(Dwarkanath Tagore)王子，其也是諾貝爾獎獲得者詩人拉賓德拉納特·泰戈爾（Rabindranath Tagore）的祖父。據(jù)報道，德瓦卡納特的卡爾泰戈爾公司曾在1844年提出，為一條從加爾各答西北部到布德萬上方煤田的鐵路籌集三分之一的資金。在德瓦卡納特英年早逝之后，幾滴眼淚之后，其他印度商人只是扮演了一個被動的角色。印度鐵路的構(gòu)想、推廣和開通都是英國人弄的。

The Railway Age dawned in India on 16th. April 1853, when the first train ran from Bombay to Thana, a distance of 21 miles(33.81 Km.) For some years before that the idea of building railways in India had taken concrete shape with the Court of Directors of the East India Company in London. The East India Company had obtained a foothold in India as a trading company, but gradually lost most of its privileges it had enjoyed as an instrument of commerce. It had , however been made responsible for the governance of India under the supervision of a Court of Directors in London. The final authority lay , of course , with the British Cabinet, who acted on the advice of its special Board of ontrol for Indian Affairs. There was a Governor General at Fort William in Calcutta, having superintending authority over the administration of India.

1853年4月16日，印度迎來了鐵路時代。第一列火車從孟買開往塔那，全長21英里(33.81公里)。在此之前的幾年里，倫敦東印度公司的董事會已經(jīng)形成了在印度修建鐵路的具體想法。東印度公司作為一家貿(mào)易公司在印度獲得了立足之地，但逐漸失去了它作為商業(yè)工具所享有的大部分特權(quán)。但是，它在倫敦董事會的監(jiān)督下負責(zé)管理印度。當(dāng)然，最終的決定權(quán)在于英國內(nèi)閣，他們根據(jù)印度事務(wù)特別控制委員會的建議采取行動。加爾各答的威廉堡有一位總督，對印度的行政管理具有監(jiān)督權(quán)。

The first proposals for construction of railways in India were presented in 1844 to East India Company in London by, (a) East Indian Railway Company headed by R.McDonald Stephenson, and (b) Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company.
George Stephenson the great British Locomotive inventor was one the first Directors of GIPR and his son Robert Stephenson was appointed as the consulting engineer based at London.

1844年，由R.McDonald Stephenson領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的東印度鐵路公司和大印度半島鐵路公司向倫敦的東印度公司提交了印度鐵路建設(shè)的第一份提案。
偉大的英國機車發(fā)明家喬治·斯蒂芬森是大印度半島鐵路公司的首任董事之一，他的兒子羅伯特·斯蒂芬森被任命為倫敦的咨詢工程師。

Both E.I.R. and G.I.P.R were incorporated in England for the purpose of constructing railway lines in Calcutta and Bombay presidencies respectively. Though GIPR company was formed in 1844. George Stephenson could not see his Locomotives run on Indian soil as he died in 1848.
Lord Hardinge was the Governor General of India at this point of time. He considered the proposals from political, military and commercial point of view and thought that Court Of Directors of East India Company should liberally give assistance to private capitalists, willing to make railways in India , without waiting for proof that the construction of railways in India should yield reasonable profit. The Court of Directors in their suggestion that the first attempt should be made on a limited scale due to some difficulties, deliberated as under,

東印度鐵路公司和大印度半島鐵路公司都是在英國成立的，目的分別是在加爾各答和孟買修建鐵路線。不過大印度半島鐵路公司成立于1844年。喬治·斯蒂芬森于1848年去世，當(dāng)時他看不到自己的機車在印度土地上行駛了。
哈丁勛爵是當(dāng)時的印度總督。他從政治、軍事和商業(yè)的角度考慮了這些建議，并認為東印度公司董事會應(yīng)慷慨地援助愿意在印度修建鐵路的私人資本家，而無需等待在印度修建鐵路應(yīng)該產(chǎn)生合理利潤的證據(jù)。董事會建議，由于一些困難，應(yīng)在有限范圍內(nèi)進行第一次嘗試，現(xiàn)審議如下:

1. Periodical rains and inundations;
2. The continued action of violent winds, and influence of a vertical sun;
3. The ravages of insects and vermin upon timber and earth work;
4. The destructive effect of spontaneous vegetation of Underwood upon earth and brick work;
5. The unenclosed and unprotected tracts of the country though which railroads would pass;
6. The difficulty and expenses of securing the services of competent and trustworthy engineers.

1.周期性降雨和洪水；
2.強風(fēng)的持續(xù)作用，以及太陽直射的影響
3.昆蟲和害蟲對木材和土方工程的破壞；
4.生產(chǎn)于泥土和土磚工程上的下層林木類自然植被的破壞作用
5.鐵路要經(jīng)過的未封閉和未受保護的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū);
6.確保有能力和值得信賴的工程師的服務(wù)的困難和費用。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

West : On 16th April, 1853 the first railway on Indian sub-continent ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane . The idea of a railway to connect Bombay with Thane, Kalyan and with the Thal and Ghats incline
first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843.The first Indian train steamed off from Bombay(Bori Bunder) to Thane on 16th. April 1853, at 3:30 P.M. "amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude and to the salute of 21 guns." The train consisting of 14 carriages was hauled by three locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib with 400 VVIPs The formal inauguration ceremony was performed on 16th April 1853, when 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 guests left Bori Bunder at 3.35 PM.

西方：1853年4月16日，印度次大陸上的第一條鐵路從孟買到塔那，全長21英里。產(chǎn)生連接孟買與塔那、卡延(Kalyan)以及塔爾(Thal)和高止山脈（印度南部）斜坡的鐵路構(gòu)想
1843年，孟買政府總工程師喬治·克拉克先生在訪問Bhandup時第一次想到了這一點。1853年4月16日，下午3:30，“在廣大群眾的熱烈掌聲和21響禮炮的禮炮聲中?！钡谝涣杏《然疖噺拿腺I（Bori Bunder站）開往塔那，1853年4月16日下午3點35分，14節(jié)火車車廂載著大約400名客人離開了Bori Bunder站，（印度鐵路）正式啟動儀式于4月16日舉行。

Edit -
Before the first commercial train service in India. Railways were particularly used in Delhi's Shahajahanabad fort. For transporting valuables, cargos and movement of troops from inside to outside of the fort. It was eventually constructed by demolishing the Western wall of Shahajahanabad.
Later on as Railway expaned, and it reached Delhi. Shahajahanabad was a commercial hub for making the way and expanding the Railways through Delhi. Later on which eventually led to the formation of Delhi Jn. And tracks were changed to Standard size of Railways.

編輯：
在印度第一次商業(yè)列車服務(wù)之前。尤其是德里的Shahajahanabad堡使用了鐵路，用于運送貴重物品、貨物和從堡壘內(nèi)部到外部的部隊。它最終是通過拆除Shahajahanabad的西墻而建成的。
后來，隨著鐵路的擴建，它到達了德里。Shahajahanabad是一個商業(yè)樞紐，為德里的鐵路開辟了道路并進行了擴建。后來，最終形成了舊德里（Delhi Jn）站。軌道也改為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸的鐵路。

Praveen Upadhyay
How was Indian Railways started?
The first railway on Indian sub-continent ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane. The idea of a railway to connect Bombay with Thane, Kalyan and with the Thal and Bhore Ghats inclines first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843.
The formal inauguration ceremony was performed on 16th April 1853, when 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 guests left Bori Bunder at 3.30 pm "amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude and to the salute of 21 guns." The first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a distance of 24 miles, on 15th August, 1854. Thus the first section of the East Indian Railway was opened to public traffic, inaugurating the beginning of railway transport on the Eastern side of the subcontinent.

印度鐵路是如何起步的？
印度次大陸上的第一條鐵路從孟買到塔恩，全長21英里。1843年，孟買政府總工程師喬治·克拉克先生在訪問Bhandup時，第一次想到了修建一條鐵路將孟買與塔那、卡延(Kalyan)以及塔爾(Thal)和高止山脈（印度南部）斜坡連接起來的想法。
1853年4月16日舉行了正式的啟動儀式，當(dāng)時14節(jié)載有約400名客人的火車車廂于下午3點30分“在廣大群眾的熱烈掌聲和21響禮炮的禮炮聲中”離開了Bori Bunder站。1854年8月15日，第一列客運列車駛出豪拉站，開往24英里外的胡格利。因此，東印度鐵路的第一段向公眾開放，開啟了次大陸東部鐵路運輸?shù)拈_端。

In south the first line was opened on Ist July, 1856 by the Madras Railway Company. In the North a length of 119 miles of line was laid from Allahabad to Kanpur on 3rd March 1859. The first section from Hathras Road to Mathura Cantonment was opened to traffic on 19th October, 1875.
These were the small’s beginnings which is due course developed into a network of railway lines all over the country. By 1880 the Indian Railway system had a route mileage of about 9000 miles. INDIAN RAILWAYS, the premier transport organization of the country is the largest rail network in Asia and the world’s second largest under one management.

在南部，第一條線路于1856年7月1日由馬德拉斯鐵路公司開通。1859年3月3日，在北部，從阿拉哈巴德到坎普爾鋪設(shè)了119英里長的線路。從Hathras路到馬圖拉宿營地的第一段鐵路于1875年10月19日通車。
這些都是小規(guī)模的開端，很快就發(fā)展成了遍布全國的鐵路網(wǎng)。到1880年，印度鐵路系統(tǒng)的線路里程約為9000英里。印度鐵路公司是該國首屈一指的運輸組織，是亞洲最大的鐵路網(wǎng)，也是全球第二大鐵路網(wǎng)。

Yashwant Kumar
On what basis were the Indian Railways zones created?
Indian Railways network is, currently, divided into 17 zones, which are again divided into 68 divisions. Each railway zone will be headed by The General Manager(GM) of the zone. Each of the divisions is headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM).
These railway zones are not created on the basis of states. Instead. they are created based on their Cardinal-direction(East, West, North and South) location in India.

印度鐵路區(qū)是在什么基礎(chǔ)上建立的？
目前，印度鐵路網(wǎng)分為17個區(qū)域，這些區(qū)域又分為68個部門。每個鐵路分區(qū)將由該分區(qū)的總經(jīng)理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。每個部門都由一名部門鐵路經(jīng)理（DRM）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
這些鐵路區(qū)不是建立在各州的基礎(chǔ)上的。相反它們是根據(jù)它們在印度的主要方向（東、西、北和南）而創(chuàng)建的。

Sheshrao Kharpkar
The INDIAN RAILWAY was establish in 16 April 1853. The first locomotive engine was developed by Thomson and first broad gauge engine was developed by Lord Falkland. On April 16, 1853, India's first train was ran between Mumbai and Thane of Maharashtra. This train cover the distance 33.8 kilometer and take a time 57 minute.
Let us tell you that 3 engineers named Sindh, Sahib and Sultan delivered about 400 passengers in 14 bogies to their destination. The first train launched in the country through steam engine. The world's oldest heritage train, is Fairy Queen.

印度鐵路公司成立于1853年4月16日。第一臺機車發(fā)動機是由湯姆森研制的，第一臺寬軌發(fā)動機是福克蘭勛爵研制的。1853年4月16日，印度第一列火車在孟買和馬哈拉施特拉邦的塔那之間運行。這列火車全程33.8公里，耗時57分鐘。
讓我們告訴你，三名工程師分別叫Sindh, Sahib和Sultan，他們用14節(jié)車廂將大約400名乘客運送到目的地。這個國家的第一列火車是通過蒸汽機啟動的。世界上最古老的遺產(chǎn)列車是“仙后”號列車。

Vikas Malik
When and where was the Indian Railways built?
The first railway line in India was built in 1853, between Bombay (now Mumbai) and Thane, a distance of 34 km. This line was built by the British East India Company, and it was primarily used to transport goods.
The first passenger train in India started running on 16 April 1853, between Bori Bunder (Bombay) and Thane, with 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 passengers. The railway line was built by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), a British-owned company.
The railway network in India expanded rapidly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with lines being built by both the British government and private companies. The British government took control of the rail system in the 1890s, and the Indian Railways was officially formed in 1951, after India gained independence from British rule.
The Indian Railways is one of the largest railway networks in the world, and it operates in different regions of the country. The network is divided into 17 zones, and it covers around 66,687 km of track and serves around 8,000 stations.

印度鐵路是何時何地建成的？
印度第一條鐵路線建于1853年，位于孟買和塔那之間，全長34公里。這條鐵路線由英國東印度公司建造，主要用于運輸貨物。
1853年4月16日，印度第一列客運列車開始運行，往返于孟買的Bori Bunder站和塔那之間，共有14節(jié)車廂，載有約400名乘客。這條鐵路線是由英國擁有的大印度半島鐵路公司建造的。
印度的鐵路網(wǎng)在19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初迅速擴張，英國政府和私營公司都在修建鐵路線。19世紀(jì)90年代，英國政府控制了鐵路系統(tǒng)，1951年，印度從英國統(tǒng)治下獨立后，印度鐵路正式成立。
印度鐵路網(wǎng)是世界上最大的鐵路網(wǎng)之一，在該國不同地區(qū)運營。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)分為17個區(qū)域，覆蓋約66687公里的軌道，服務(wù)于約8000個車站。

Manufacturing(Current Data)
Indian Railways is a vertically integrated organization that produces majority of its locomotives & rolling stock at in-house production units, with a few recent exceptions.
Locomotives:
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in Chittaranjan, West Bengal manufactures electric locomotives.
Banaras Locomotive Works in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh manufactures electric locomotives.
Electric Locomotive Factory in Madhepura, Bihar, a Joint Venture of Indian Railways and Alstom SA manufactures electric locomotives.
Diesel-Loco Modernization Works in Patiala, Punjab upgrades and overhauls locomotives. They also manufacture electric locomotives

制造（當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)）
印度鐵路公司是一個垂直整合的組織，除了最近的一些例外，大部分機車和機車車輛都是在內(nèi)部生產(chǎn)單位生產(chǎn)。
機車：
位于西孟加拉邦吉塔蘭詹的吉塔蘭詹機車廠生產(chǎn)電力機車。
位于北方邦瓦拉納西的貝拿勒斯機車廠生產(chǎn)電力機車。
位于比哈爾邦馬德普拉的電力機車廠是印度鐵路公司和阿爾斯通公司的合資企業(yè)，生產(chǎn)電力機車。
旁遮普省帕蒂亞拉的柴油機車現(xiàn)代化工程對機車進行升級和大修。他們還生產(chǎn)電力機車

Subhasis Dutta Roy
What are the special features of the Indian Railways?
The only Railway Organisation that uses three categories of gauges and still in its operation.
Narrow Gauge:- The first name comes into our mind when we talk about the narrow gauge railway in India is the world-famous the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. It is also famous as the name of Toy Train runs on 2 ft track.
It runs between New Jalpaiguri height of 328 ft to Darjeeling at a height of 7218 ft from mean sea level. It built by British rulers of India and starts operations between 1879 to 1881 total distance of 88 km. On December 2, 1999, UNESCO declares this Railways as a world heritage site.

印度鐵路的特點是什么？
唯一一家使用三類軌距且仍在運營的鐵路組織。
窄軌鐵路：當(dāng)我們談?wù)撚《鹊恼夎F路時，我們腦海中浮現(xiàn)的第一個名字是世界著名的大吉嶺-喜馬拉雅鐵路。它也因在2英尺長的軌道上運行的小火車而聞名。
它位于328英尺高的 新杰爾拜古里和7218英尺高的大吉嶺之間。它由印度的英國統(tǒng)治者建造，于1879年至1881年間開始運營，全長88公里。1999年12月2日，聯(lián)合國教科文組織宣布這條鐵路為世界遺產(chǎn)。

Meter Gauge:- The Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR) which is only operating metre gauge railway system in Indian Railways.
It operates on 1000 m.m. metre gauge railway track between Mettupalayam(MTP) to Udhagamandalam(UAM) a total 45.8 kilometres (28 mi), 108 curves, 16 tunnels and 250 bridges.
It is also declared as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2005. It is the only Indian Railways that use Abt rack and pinion method to climb steep gradient between Mettupalayam and Coonoor section. It has the steepest track in Asia with a maximum gradient of 8.33%.
Two more railway lines including DHR and NMR were later added, and the site became known as one of the mountain railwayst of India.
Broad gauge:- Indian Railways has world fourth largest broad gauge railway track spread across India with a route length of 68,155 km (42,350 mi).
It is the world largest employer having about 13 lakhs of dedicated employees. Proud to be a member of Indian Railways family.

米軌鐵路：尼吉里鐵路（NMR）是印度鐵路中唯一運營米軌鐵路系統(tǒng)的鐵路。
它在美圖帕拉亞(Mettupalayam)（MTP）至Udhagamadalam（UAM）之間的1000毫米軌距的鐵路上運營，全長45.8公里（28英里），有108個彎道、16個隧道和250座橋梁。
2005年，它還被聯(lián)合國教科文組織宣布為世界遺產(chǎn)。這是印度唯一使用齒輪齒條方法在梅圖帕拉雅姆和庫努爾段之間攀爬陡峭坡度的鐵路。它擁有亞洲最陡峭的軌道，最大坡度為8.33%。
后來又增加了兩條鐵路線，包括大吉嶺喜馬拉雅鐵路(DHR)和尼吉里鐵路，該地點被稱為印度的山區(qū)鐵路之一。
寬軌鐵路：印度鐵路公司擁有世界第四大寬軌鐵路，分布在印度各地，線路長度為68155公里（42350英里）。
它是世界上最大的雇主，擁有約130萬名敬業(yè)的員工。很自豪能成為印度鐵路大家庭的一員。

Nikhil Jindal
In 1845, the Court of Directors of the East India Company, forwarded to the Governor-General of India, Lord Dalhousie, a number of applications they had received from private contractors in England for the construction of a wide ranging railway network in India, and requested a feasibility report. It was suggested, that three experimental lines be constructed and their performance uated.
Contracts were awarded in 1849 to the East Indian Railway Company to construct a 120-mile railway from Howrah-Calcutta to Raniganj; to the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company for a service from Bombay to Kalyan, 30- miles away; and to the Madras Railway Company for a line from Madras city to Arkonam, a distance of 39- miles.

1845年，東印度公司董事會向印度總督達爾豪斯勛爵轉(zhuǎn)交了他們從英國私人承包商那里收到的一些申請書，要求在印度建造一個范圍廣泛的鐵路網(wǎng)，并要求提交一份可行性報告。建議建造三條試驗性的鐵路線，并對其運轉(zhuǎn)情況進行評估。
1849年，東印度鐵路公司獲得了建造一條從豪拉-加爾各答到拉尼甘吉的120英里鐵路的合同；向大印度半島鐵路公司申請從孟買到30英里外的卡延(Kalyan)的鐵路服務(wù)；并向馬德拉斯鐵路公司申請修建一條從馬德拉斯市到阿爾科南的鐵路線，全長39英里。

Although construction began first, in 1849, on the East Indian Railways line, it was the first-leg of the Bombay-Kalyan line—a 21-mile stretch from Bombay to Thane—that, in 1853, was the first to be completed.
The feasibility of a train network in India was comprehensively discussed by Lord Dalhousie in his Railway minute of 1853. The Governor-General vigorously advocated the quick and widespread introduction of railways in India, pointing to their political, social, and economic advantages.

雖然東印度鐵路最早于1849年開始建設(shè)，但1853年，它是孟買至卡延鐵路線的第一段——21英里長的孟買至塔那鐵路線，是第一條完工的鐵路線。
達爾豪斯勛爵在1853年的《鐵路紀(jì)要》中對印度鐵路網(wǎng)的可行性進行了全面討論?？偠酱罅μ岢谟《妊杆俣鴱V泛地引入鐵路，指出鐵路的政治、社會和經(jīng)濟優(yōu)勢。

The first leg of the East Indian Railway line, a broad gauge railway, from Howrah to Pandua, was opened in 1854, and the entire line up to Raniganj would become functional by the time of the Indian rebellion of 1857.
But it should be noted that the railway lines were not built out of the Indian exchequer but by private enterprise. Thus, it gave the English capital and enterprise a chance of investment.
Subsequently, railway lines in India were mostly built by Indian companies under a system of ‘Government guarantee.’ Development of railways was also not accompanied by the development of ancillary industries. Thus, it heralded a ‘commercial revolution’ by penetrating deep into the markets of India rather than facilitating ‘industrial revolution.’

東印度鐵路線的第一段是一條從豪拉到潘杜阿的寬軌鐵路，于1854年開通，到1857年印度叛亂時，拉尼甘杰的整條鐵路線才開始運轉(zhuǎn)。
但應(yīng)該注意的是，這些鐵路線不是由印度財政部建造的，而是由私營企業(yè)建造的。因此，它給了英國資本和企業(yè)一個投資的機會。
隨后，印度的鐵路線大多由印度公司在“政府擔(dān)?！敝贫认陆ㄔ?，鐵路的發(fā)展也沒有伴隨著附屬產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。因此，它通過深入印度市場預(yù)示著一場“商業(yè)革命”，而不是促進“工業(yè)革命”。