為什么羅馬人沒有廣泛使用弓箭手？
Why didn't the Romans make extensive use of archers?
譯文簡介
網(wǎng)友：羅馬人有弓箭手。在早期帝國時期，羅馬軍隊中出現(xiàn)了常規(guī)的步兵和騎兵弓箭手輔助部隊。大多數(shù)部隊可能配備了一些弓箭手，以增強(qiáng)其獨立作戰(zhàn)的能力。那個時期的浮雕似乎顯示了普通部隊中的人員使用弓箭。大約三分之二的弓箭手是步兵，三分之一是騎兵弓箭手。這些比例在羅馬人同東部敵人沖突后有所調(diào)整，尤其是與依賴騎射的帕提亞人作戰(zhàn)，帕提亞人在公元前1世紀(jì)的卡拉埃戰(zhàn)役中對克拉蘇的災(zāi)難性失敗起到了決定性作用。
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The Romans had archers. Regular auxiliary units of foot and horse archers appeared in the Roman army during the early empire. Most formations probably possessed some archers to increase their capacity for independent operations. Bas reliefs from the period appear to show personnel in ordinary units employing bows. Roughly two thirds of all archers were on foot and one third were horse archers. These proportions were revisited after the Romans came into conflict with eastern enemies who relied heavily on mounted archery, notably the Parthians, who were decisive in Crassus's disastrous defeat in the Battle of Carrhae in the 1st century BC.
羅馬人有弓箭手。在早期帝國時期，羅馬軍隊中出現(xiàn)了常規(guī)的步兵和騎兵弓箭手輔助部隊。大多數(shù)部隊可能配備了一些弓箭手，以增強(qiáng)其獨立作戰(zhàn)的能力。那個時期的浮雕似乎顯示了普通部隊中的人員使用弓箭。大約三分之二的弓箭手是步兵，三分之一是騎兵弓箭手。這些比例在羅馬人同東部敵人沖突后有所調(diào)整，尤其是與依賴騎射的帕提亞人作戰(zhàn)，帕提亞人在公元前1世紀(jì)的卡拉埃戰(zhàn)役中對克拉蘇的災(zāi)難性失敗起到了決定性作用。
Sagittarii units in the Roman forces recorded in the 2nd Century AD were: eight alae sagittariorum (mounted archers), eighteen cohortes sagittariorum (foot archers) and six cohortes sagittariorum equitatae (mixed foot/mounted archers). These 32 units (of which four were miliaria of 1000 men) would have comprised officially 17,600 archers. They were predominantly of Syrian origin, just one unit, Cohors I Cretum Equites Sagittarii bearing the name of the Cretan archers who had traditionally served the Republic. Of the 32 sagittarii units attested in mid 2nd century AD, thirteen have Syrian names, seven Thracian, five from Asia Minor, one from Crete, and the remaining six of other or uncertain origin. There was at least one Equites Sagittarii unit in Britain during the Late Roman period, the Equites Syri, almost certainly a detachment (vexillatio).
在公元2世紀(jì)的羅馬軍隊中，記錄了以下Sagittarii部隊：八個騎兵弓箭手連（alae sagittariorum）、十八個步兵大隊（cohortes sagittariorum）和六個混合步兵大隊（cohortes sagittariorum equitatae）。這32個單位（其中四個為1000人的miliaria）官方統(tǒng)計共有17600名弓箭手。他們主要來自敘利亞，只有一個單位，即Cohors I Cretum Equites Sagittarii，以傳統(tǒng)上服務(wù)于共和國的克里特弓箭手命名。在公元2世紀(jì)中期所證實的32個弓箭手單位中，十三個有敘利亞名字，七個有色雷斯名字，五個來自小亞細(xì)亞，一個來自克里特，其余六個來源不明確或其他。在晚期羅馬時期，英國至少有一個Equites Sagittarii單位，即Equites Syri，幾乎可以肯定是一個分遣隊（vexillatio）。
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弓箭手配備了復(fù)合弓（arcus），這種弓由角、木材和筋腱制成，并用動物皮膠粘合在一起，射出的箭（sagitta）由木頭制成，箭頭類似于中世紀(jì)時期使用的金屬箭頭。每名弓箭手通常攜帶30至40支箭在箭袋中。
弓箭手有時被用作游擊隊員，或者部署在重步兵的后方提供掩護(hù)火力。除了全尺寸的箭矢，羅馬弓箭手還可以發(fā)射小箭或飛鏢，通過一個稱為“片箭”的木質(zhì)通道發(fā)射。這些飛鏢的射程約為全尺寸箭矢的兩倍，但缺乏空氣動力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性，無法擊中特定目標(biāo)。無論如何，同時有成千上萬的箭矢或飛鏢雨點般落在敵軍頭上，肯定是噩夢般的場景。
The Romans made good use of everything that could kill an enemy.
Aknowledging the use of the bow… whilst riding or on foot.. Was not their strong point they made good use of Allies who were born in the saddle and a bow in their hands.
羅馬人善于利用所有可以殺死敵人的武器。雖然弓箭的使用——無論是騎馬還是步行——并不是他們的強(qiáng)項，但他們充分利用了那些騎術(shù)高超、擅長使用弓箭的盟友。
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羅馬人擅長的，是利用更加致命的專業(yè)散兵部隊——投石器。投石器致命、準(zhǔn)確，而且可以放在口袋里。根據(jù)我的了解，大多數(shù)羅馬軍團(tuán)士兵都能以不同的技能水平使用投石器，但他們的偵察投石手和游擊隊員能在50碼的距離內(nèi)有9次中的10次將石塊或鉛彈射中敵人的眼睛。
Once you fire all your arrows your pretty much snookered… with the sling a little round rock can keep you in the fight.
在公元9年德意志森林對決中，當(dāng)阿米尼烏斯帶領(lǐng)的部落聯(lián)合起來擊敗羅馬的三個軍團(tuán)時，最終的戰(zhàn)斗場景中，第一批戰(zhàn)斗跡象和最后的抵抗都被投石器散落在四周。投石器的快速發(fā)射和輕便性在被勝利的部落戰(zhàn)士不斷騷擾的情況下顯得尤為重要。投石器可以用小石塊持續(xù)打擊敵人，而弓箭用完后就基本無用。
The Romans actually did make extensive use of archers, especially during the later periods of the Roman Empire. Archery was an important component of Roman military tactics, and archers were commonly used in various roles within the Roman army.
However, the Romans are perhaps more famous for their highly disciplined infantry, particularly the legions, which were the backbone of the Roman military. The Roman legions were renowned for their organization, training, and effectiveness in close combat. As a result, the Roman army placed a strong emphasis on infantry tactics and formations.
羅馬人確實廣泛使用弓箭手，特別是在羅馬帝國后期。弓箭術(shù)是羅馬軍事戰(zhàn)術(shù)的重要組成部分，弓箭手在羅馬軍隊中常常擔(dān)任各種角色。
然而，羅馬人更為人知的是他們高度紀(jì)律化的步兵，特別是羅馬軍團(tuán)，后者是羅馬軍隊的骨干。羅馬軍團(tuán)以其組織性、訓(xùn)練有素和近戰(zhàn)中的有效性而聞名。因此，羅馬軍隊非常重視步兵戰(zhàn)術(shù)和陣型。
While the Roman army did not rely solely on archers, they were an important component of Roman military strategy and were used in various capacities throughout the history of the Roman Empire.
弓箭手在羅馬軍隊中確實存在，并在戰(zhàn)斗中發(fā)揮了重要作用，尤其是在交戰(zhàn)前提供遠(yuǎn)程支援或在圍攻戰(zhàn)中。羅馬弓箭手通常使用復(fù)合弓，這種弓在近程和遠(yuǎn)程作戰(zhàn)中都很有效。弓箭手通常與步兵和騎兵等其他部隊配合使用，以創(chuàng)建一個全面而多功能的軍事力量。
雖然羅馬軍隊并不完全依賴弓箭手，但弓箭手是羅馬軍事戰(zhàn)略的重要組成部分，在羅馬帝國的歷史中以各種方式被使用。
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Rome simply did not have a tradition for archery. It was only with the introduction of Greek, Persian and Gaulish auxiliaries that archers came to the Roman armies.
Furthermore, bows in this period were far from the power they later demonstrated. By comparison, a skilled slinger, like those from Rhodes, could send a ball of lead faster, further and harder than an arrow. In the Gallic Wars, a type of lead shot was used that had a hole drilled through its center. When hurled it produced a haunting whine, like a bird from Hades.
羅馬確實沒有弓箭的傳統(tǒng)。只有在引入希臘、波斯和高盧的輔助部隊后，弓箭手才進(jìn)入了羅馬軍隊。
此外，在那個時期的弓箭遠(yuǎn)沒有后來的強(qiáng)大。相比之下，一名熟練的投石者，比如來自羅得島的投石者，可以將鉛球投得更快、更遠(yuǎn)、更有力，比箭矢更具威力。在高盧戰(zhàn)爭中，一種鉛彈被使用，其中心有一個孔。當(dāng)它被投擲時，會發(fā)出一種令人毛骨悚然的嗡嗡聲，像是來自地獄的鳥鳴。
羅馬自共和國成立之前就已經(jīng)使用投石手（funditores）。他們非常清楚投石器的使用方法和地點。需要注意的是，這并不是貶低弓箭，而是當(dāng)時很少有文化能擁有能夠超越熟練投石手的弓。
You’re kidding, right? Roman archers were legendary for their long-distance firepower. Using insane 175-lb-draw recurve bows, they could rain arrows down on the enemy at over a mile away, long before close-quarter combat commenced.
你在開玩笑吧？羅馬弓箭手以其遠(yuǎn)程火力而聞名。他們使用拉力高達(dá)175磅的復(fù)合弓，可以在接近戰(zhàn)斗之前，從超過一英里遠(yuǎn)的地方向敵人射箭。
They did. The Romans were the most advanced Army of their time. Much like the American Soldier is today. They used archers a great deal. Along with catapults , and other aerial assault devices.
確實如此。羅馬是當(dāng)時最先進(jìn)的軍隊，就像今天的美軍一樣。他們大量使用弓箭手，除了弓箭手，還有投石機(jī)和其他空中攻擊裝置。
Roman legionary training included training in the use of both bows and slings. In the Later Empire, Justinians Brucelarii were a combined arms formation which included bows as part of the standard equipment and as others have commented, they made use of auxillary units of archers both foot and mounted.
羅馬軍團(tuán)的訓(xùn)練包括弓箭和投石器的使用。在后期帝國時期，賈斯丁尼安的布魯塞拉里（Brucelarii）是一個綜合兵種部隊，其中包括弓箭作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)裝備。正如其他人所評論的，他們利用了包括步兵和騎兵的弓箭手輔助部隊。
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Simply, the Romans were practical people and wanted an effective army. Speaking about pre-gunpowder warfare, the real job on the battlefield was done by the infantry.
Cavalry was extremely useful in some situations, but it was not the spearhead of the operations.
Archers were sometimes rather effective, but, in general, wars were not won by the armies with the best archers. They were often used as a support unit. That is what the Romans did. They focused on their infantry and used other units as support.
簡單來說，羅馬人是實用主義者，追求有效的軍隊。在沒有火藥的戰(zhàn)爭時代，戰(zhàn)場上的真正戰(zhàn)斗主要由步兵完成。騎兵在某些情況下非常有用，但它不是作戰(zhàn)的主力。
弓箭手有時也相當(dāng)有效，但一般來說，戰(zhàn)爭的勝利并不是由擁有最強(qiáng)弓箭手的軍隊決定的。弓箭手通常作為支援部隊使用，這正是羅馬的做法。他們專注于步兵，利用其他部隊作為支援。
一些軍隊擁有非常強(qiáng)大的弓箭手，甚至是騎射手，無論在古代還是中世紀(jì)，這些弓箭手在一些戰(zhàn)斗中能夠擊敗步兵和騎兵，但這種情況比較少見。戰(zhàn)爭（以及現(xiàn)在的戰(zhàn)爭）往往由能夠組建一支平衡部隊的軍隊獲勝。歷史教訓(xùn)我們，這意味著軍隊主要由強(qiáng)大且訓(xùn)練有素的步兵組成，騎兵和弓箭手作為有用的輔助部隊。就像黃金時代的羅馬軍隊一樣。
Probably because they had not been invented.
The Romans were never big on archery, they preferred to fight with javelin and sword. When they did have archers on hand, they usually came from foreign auxiliaries such as the Cretan bowmen provided by King Heiro of Syracuse during the Second Punic War.
Other cultures of the time did not disdain archery and it was a big factor in the Roman defeat at the Battle of Carrhae, and probably the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest as well. It is amazing to me that the Romans were so successful at battle without significant use of archery.
這可能是因為弓箭當(dāng)時還沒有被發(fā)明。羅馬人對弓箭并不熱衷，他們更喜歡使用標(biāo)槍和劍作戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)他們需要弓箭手時，通常來自外國輔助部隊，比如第二次布匿戰(zhàn)爭期間由敘拉古的希羅王提供的克里特弓箭手。其他當(dāng)時的文化并不輕視弓箭，這也是羅馬在卡拉埃戰(zhàn)役以及可能在德意志森林戰(zhàn)役中失敗的一個重要因素。令我驚訝的是，羅馬人在沒有顯著使用弓箭的情況下還能如此成功地作戰(zhàn)。
They kind of did… they used these mini ballista’s called Scorpions that were cool.
But like, actual, man portable crossbows were a Medi invention. And also, the Romans just plain didn’t need a crossbow, they had Pilum for their mainline troops and plenty of archer cultures to draw from for auxiliary ranged troops. So, something were most of the effort is spent making the thing and then you can train a dude to be decent in like, a month or less, wasn’t valuable to them.
他們確實有類似的東西……他們使用了一種叫做“蝎子”的小型弩，挺酷的。不過，真正的便攜式弩是中世紀(jì)的發(fā)明。而且，羅馬人根本不需要弩，他們有皮魯姆作為主力部隊的武器，還有許多弓箭文化可以用作輔助遠(yuǎn)程部隊。因此，對于羅馬人來說，那些花費大量精力制作的武器并不值當(dāng)，因為他們可以在一個月甚至更短的時間內(nèi)訓(xùn)練出一個合格的士兵。
They had something similar - although there is little physical evidence of their arcuballistas to be any more conclusive.
他們確實有類似的東西——盡管幾乎沒有實物證據(jù)能確認(rèn)他們的弓弩是否更為明確。
If you mean the Roman army, they had no great tradition of archery, so they used to hire mercenaries as auxiliaries to perform that function. Often people from the island of Crete. It takes a long time to train a decent archer, and if you haven’t got the tradition it simply easier and cheaper to hire other people. On the other hand, they did have small arrow throwing artillery, which was mechanical so it didn’t need any great expertise or strength to operate.
如果你指的是羅馬軍隊，他們沒有強(qiáng)大的弓箭傳統(tǒng)，因此他們通常雇傭雇傭兵作為輔助兵種來執(zhí)行弓箭任務(wù)。這些弓箭手通常來自克里特島。培養(yǎng)一名優(yōu)秀的弓箭手需要很長時間，而如果你沒有這個傳統(tǒng)，那么雇傭其他人更容易、更便宜。另一方面，他們確實有一些小型箭射機(jī)械裝置，這些裝置是機(jī)械化的，因此操作時不需要特別大的專業(yè)技能或力量。
Ancient armies didn’t use bowmen more often because bowmen are practically helpless against cavalry, once it reaches them and bowmen are of limited use against heavily armored cavalry. Having said that, bowmen saw plenty of action in ancient battles and even more in the defense of fortified cities and castles.
古代軍隊沒有更頻繁地使用弓箭手，因為弓箭手在騎兵接近后幾乎無能為力，而且弓箭手對重裝騎兵的效果有限。盡管如此，弓箭手在古代戰(zhàn)斗中還是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，尤其是在防守有堡壘的城市和城堡時。
Archers were a feature of the Eurasian steppes. Fast moving militia on horseback.
The Hyksos from Phoenicia introduced the chariot into Egypt in the 16th century BC.
The Romans were essentially foot soldiers. Their equipment was a shield, sword and 2 spears.
弓箭手是歐亞大草原上的一種兵種?？焖僖苿拥尿T兵民兵。公元前16世紀(jì)，腓尼基的?？怂魉谷藢?zhàn)車引入埃及。羅馬人基本上是步兵，他們的裝備包括盾牌、劍和兩支長矛。
Archers were largely superfluous on the Roman battlefield.
Archers were tactically clumsy for the Romans. They were always positioned behind the shield wall to indirectly launch arrows at the enemy.
Ancient bows were not very powerful and there really weren't that many archers in Roman lands.
Stone slingers we're just as useful in far less expensive.
弓箭手在羅馬戰(zhàn)場上基本上是多余的。弓箭手在戰(zhàn)術(shù)上對羅馬人來說比較笨拙。他們總是被安排在盾墻后面，以間接方式向敵人發(fā)射箭矢。古代弓的威力不大，而且羅馬地區(qū)的弓箭手?jǐn)?shù)量并不多。石子投擲器的效果一樣好，而且成本更低。
Oh, they most certainly did use bows and arrows as ranged weapons quite often.
The problem is that you were just not around to see it, and unlike people who know this, you were unwilling to do research.
I can assure you, bows and arrows were used often enough, until black-powder and later modern gun-powders were developed, along with the weapons they were used in.
哦，他們確實很常使用弓箭作為遠(yuǎn)程武器。問題在于你可能沒機(jī)會看到這一點，而不像那些了解這情況的人，你不愿意做研究。我可以向你保證，弓箭在黑火藥和后來現(xiàn)代火藥及其武器發(fā)展之前被使用得非常頻繁。