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Tim Tran
It could’ve gone two different ways: Indianization (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia) or Sinicization (Japan, Korea).

這可能有兩種不同的發(fā)展方向：印度化（泰國(guó)、老撾、柬埔寨）或漢化（日本、韓國(guó)）。

Without Chinese occupation, Vietnamese might have been influenced by the southern Indianized kingdoms became Indianized itself, and Champa wouldn’t have been wiped out. In later periods, it might’ve been Islamized by Maritime Southeast Asia just like Champa, or it could’ve stayed Indianized like other Mainland Southeast Asia, sharing cultural heritage with Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia.
Language-wise, majority of loanwords would have been from Indic languages, and their scxt would’ve long been the phonetic abugida scxt, sharing similarities and origin with Thai, Lao, and Cambodian languages.

如果沒(méi)有中國(guó)的占領(lǐng)，越南可能會(huì)受到南印度化王國(guó)的影響，變得印度化，且占婆（Champa）也不會(huì)被消滅。在后來(lái)的時(shí)期，它可能會(huì)像占婆一樣被東南亞海洋地區(qū)的伊斯蘭化，或者可能保持印度化，像其他大陸東南亞國(guó)家一樣，與泰國(guó)、老撾和柬埔寨共享文化遺產(chǎn)。
在語(yǔ)言方面，大多數(shù)外來(lái)詞會(huì)來(lái)自印度語(yǔ)言，其文字系統(tǒng)很可能早已成為音節(jié)字母文字，與泰語(yǔ)、老撾語(yǔ)和柬埔寨語(yǔ)有相似性和共同起源。

However, it could’ve also been Sinicized either way. Several ??ng S?n drums created before Chinese occupation in northern Vietnam were found with Chinese characters on them. This could’ve meant that Vietnam, whether it was conquered or not, was on the verge of willing Sinicization like Korea and Japan. Therefore, it might’ve just ended up like today, but has less similarities with China (since it wasn’t occupied, the influence wouldn’t have been huge, and Vietnam would’ve retained a lot more of its original culture, such as tattoos and hair-cutting).

然而，無(wú)論如何，越南也有可能會(huì)被漢化。中國(guó)占領(lǐng)之前在越南北部發(fā)現(xiàn)的幾塊東山鼓上刻有漢字。這可能意味著無(wú)論越南是否被征服，都像韓國(guó)和日本一樣處于愿意漢化的邊緣。因此，越南最終可能會(huì)和今天一樣，但與中國(guó)的相似性會(huì)較少（因?yàn)闆](méi)有被占領(lǐng)，影響不會(huì)那么大，越南會(huì)保留更多原有文化，例如紋身和剪發(fā)）。

Language-wise majority of loanwords would still be from Sinitic languages, just not as much as now. Without French colonialization, Vietnam would’ve still retained its Sinitic writing system, and at the dawn of Westernization that favored widespread literacy, would’ve standardized ch? N?m completely, allowing mass education.

在語(yǔ)言方面，大多數(shù)外來(lái)詞仍會(huì)來(lái)自漢語(yǔ)，只是沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在那么多。如果沒(méi)有法國(guó)殖民統(tǒng)治，越南仍會(huì)保留其漢字書(shū)寫(xiě)系統(tǒng)，在西方化的曙光中，優(yōu)先推動(dòng)廣泛識(shí)字，可能會(huì)完全規(guī)范化“喃字”，實(shí)現(xiàn)大規(guī)模教育。

Quang Nguyen
The only thing prevent Khmer empire to conquere Vietnam was because it was ruled by China at that time. So if China did not conquer Vietnam then Khmer would do.

阻止高棉帝國(guó)征服越南的唯一原因是當(dāng)時(shí)越南被中國(guó)統(tǒng)治。所以如果中國(guó)沒(méi)有征服越南，高棉就會(huì)征服越南。

Khang Nhat
Champa will always be wiped out since they were sandwiched between vietnam and khmer. one of them will eat it eventually.
secondly, champa followed Hinduism, not Islam.

占婆最終會(huì)被消滅，因?yàn)樗辉侥虾透呙迠A在中間。遲早其中一個(gè)會(huì)吞并它。其次，占婆信奉的是印度教，而不是伊斯蘭教。

Shyam Kumar
To be fair, they offended both the Khmers and the Dai Viet. They should’ve left either one alone.

公平地說(shuō)，他們得罪了高棉和大越。他們應(yīng)該留下一方，而另一個(gè)則不打擾。

Zinserh?hung
After Champa was conquered by North Vietnam, many of them fled overseas, a few thousands fled to nearby Hainan Island in China, and they are now Chinese citizens while still keep their religion, language and culture.

在占婆被北越征服后，許多人逃往海外，一些人逃到了中國(guó)附近的海南島，現(xiàn)在他們是中國(guó)公民，同時(shí)保持著他們的宗教、語(yǔ)言和文化。

Shyam Kumar
Sinicization I believe would have happened either case. The elites were influenced by China. I doubt that would have changed.

我相信無(wú)論如何漢化都會(huì)發(fā)生。精英們受到了中國(guó)的影響，我懷疑這種情況是否會(huì)改變。

Zinserh?hung
I am so amazed how Chinese and Indian cuisines, religions and cultures have influenced many countries in Southeast Asia from Thailand to Malaysia and from Indonesia to Vietnam in the past few centuries, you will not only see many local Chinese or Indians but also the Indian or Chinese footprints everywhere.

我對(duì)中國(guó)和印度的美食、宗教和文化如何在過(guò)去幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里影響了東南亞許多國(guó)家，從泰國(guó)到馬來(lái)西亞，從印度尼西亞到越南，感到非常驚訝。你不僅能看到許多當(dāng)?shù)氐娜A人或印度人，還能看到印度或中國(guó)的足跡無(wú)處不在。

Max Than
Vietnam could be like Thailand. Thailand is quite Sinicized for an Indosphere country. Thailand actually received more culinary influences from China than India.

越南本來(lái)可以像泰國(guó)一樣。作為一個(gè)印圈國(guó)家，泰國(guó)是相當(dāng)中國(guó)化的。實(shí)際上，泰國(guó)從中國(guó)受到的烹飪影響比印度更多。

Duong LE NGOC THAI
As far as i know, there were not Chinese characters on Dong Son bronze drums. Please recheck this fact. The rest of writing is good!

據(jù)我所知，東山銅鼓上沒(méi)有漢字。請(qǐng)重新核實(shí)這個(gè)事實(shí)。剩下的部分寫(xiě)得很好!

Tao Deng
The advanced culture brought by China is the basis for Vietnam to lead other countries in the Indochina Peninsula. Without Chinese rule, Vietnam would soon be annexed by other countries in Indochina.

中國(guó)帶來(lái)的先進(jìn)文化是越南在印度支那半島領(lǐng)先其他國(guó)家的基礎(chǔ)。如果沒(méi)有中國(guó)的統(tǒng)治，越南很快會(huì)被印度支那的其他國(guó)家吞并。

Kirigawa Yoshikuni
Japan isn't part of Chinese cultural sphere. Kanji and many so called Chinese culture predates formation of Chinese identity. Japan has longest continuous history.

日本并不屬于中國(guó)文化圈。漢字和許多所謂的中國(guó)文化在中國(guó)身份形成之前就存在。日本有著最長(zhǎng)的連續(xù)歷史。

Srinivasan
There is nothing called INDIC or INDO EUROPEAN languages in the world. All the languges of europe have emerged from sanskrit. Even english numbers are clandestinely modified from sanskrit numbers. English has no independent existence. English is derived from earlier european languages. Earlier european languages were derived from sanskrit.

世界上沒(méi)有所謂的印度語(yǔ)或印歐語(yǔ)。歐洲所有的語(yǔ)言都是從梵語(yǔ)發(fā)展而來(lái)的。甚至英文數(shù)字也被秘密地從梵語(yǔ)數(shù)字修改而來(lái)。英語(yǔ)不是獨(dú)立存在的。英語(yǔ)起源于早期的歐洲語(yǔ)言。早期的歐洲語(yǔ)言起源于梵語(yǔ)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Regarding the religion. Buddha did not bring anything new. Buddha was nice humab being. Whatever buddha taught was from vedhas. Vedhas were in sanskrit languages. He reduced the sexted material into pali language. Asisn continent is mislead by a religion called buddhist. Budhha was only a teacher and feformer. If we recognise vedhas as our primary religious books there will be single vedic religion and we will be next to Christianty. Culturally there is no difference between Hindus and Buddhists.

關(guān)于宗教，佛陀并沒(méi)有帶來(lái)任何新東西。佛陀是一個(gè)善良的人。他所教的一切都來(lái)自吠陀。吠陀是用梵語(yǔ)寫(xiě)成的，他將選定的內(nèi)容縮減為巴利語(yǔ)。亞洲大陸被一種叫做佛教的宗教誤導(dǎo)了。佛陀只是一個(gè)老師和改革者。如果我們把吠陀作為主要宗教經(jīng)典，那么我們將會(huì)有一個(gè)單一的吠陀宗教，并且我們將排在基督教之后。在文化上，印度教徒和佛教徒之間沒(méi)有差異。

Yap You Wai
but but the no. of ppl migrated from the north (both civilians and the armed groups abandoning northern dynasty) over time was overwhelming, bringing culture, language etc along? Understand the present govt tried to paint Dinh Tien Hoang as the 1st ruler (not Trieu Da) but by the time of his ruling of the land (or partial), plenty from the north had already came on-board?

但是，隨著時(shí)間的推移，北方遷移過(guò)來(lái)的人（包括逃離北方朝代的平民和武裝團(tuán)體）的數(shù)量是壓倒性的，他們帶來(lái)了文化、語(yǔ)言等？雖然現(xiàn)在的政府試圖將丁顯皇描繪為第一位統(tǒng)治者（而不是趙大），但在他統(tǒng)治這片土地（或部分土地）時(shí)，北方的人已經(jīng)大批來(lái)到南方了嗎？
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Trinh Trinh
War is always good for mankind. Without war, we will not have technology that we enjoy today. War makes vietnam stronger as a nation, vietnamese are more united and give us a will to fight.

戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)對(duì)人類(lèi)來(lái)說(shuō)總是好的。如果沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，我們就不會(huì)有今天享受的技術(shù)。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使越南成為一個(gè)更強(qiáng)大的國(guó)家，越南人更加團(tuán)結(jié)，也讓我們有了戰(zhàn)斗的意志。

Assistant
Speculating on hypothetical scenarios such as this can be quite complex and uncertain, as historical events have far-reaching consequences that are difficult to predict. However, we can explore some potential aspects of what Vietnam might be like if it had not been colonized by China and France:

推測(cè)像這樣的假設(shè)情景可能相當(dāng)復(fù)雜且不確定，因?yàn)闅v史事件的影響深遠(yuǎn)且難以預(yù)測(cè)。然而，我們可以探討一些如果越南沒(méi)有被中國(guó)和法國(guó)殖民，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的方面：

Culture and Language: Without the influence of Chinese and French colonization, Vietnamese culture and language may have evolved differently. Chinese influence, which dates back over two millennia, has had a profound impact on Vietnamese culture, language, and governance systems. Without this influence, Vietnamese culture and language might have developed along different lines, possibly retaining more indigenous elements.

文化和語(yǔ)言：如果沒(méi)有中國(guó)和法國(guó)的殖民影響，越南的文化和語(yǔ)言可能會(huì)有不同的發(fā)展。中國(guó)的影響已有兩千多年，對(duì)越南的文化、語(yǔ)言和治理體系產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。如果沒(méi)有這種影響，越南的文化和語(yǔ)言可能會(huì)沿著不同的方向發(fā)展，可能會(huì)保留更多的本土元素。

Political System: The colonization of Vietnam by France greatly influenced the country's political system and modernization efforts. Without French colonization, Vietnam might have evolved politically in a different manner, possibly retaining traditional governance structures or adopting different models of governance from neighboring regions.

政治體制：法國(guó)對(duì)越南的殖民化對(duì)該國(guó)的政治體制和現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程產(chǎn)生了重大影響。如果沒(méi)有法國(guó)殖民，越南的政治演變可能會(huì)有所不同，可能會(huì)保留傳統(tǒng)的治理結(jié)構(gòu)或采納鄰近地區(qū)的不同治理模式。

Economic Development: Both Chinese and French colonization played a significant role in shaping Vietnam's economy. Without colonization, Vietnam might have followed a different economic trajectory, potentially focusing more on indigenous industries and trade patterns.

經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展：中法兩國(guó)的殖民化在塑造越南經(jīng)濟(jì)方面都發(fā)揮了重要作用。如果沒(méi)有殖民化，越南可能會(huì)走上一條不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)軌跡，可能會(huì)更加關(guān)注本土產(chǎn)業(yè)和貿(mào)易模式。

International Relations: The historical presence of China and France in Vietnam has had lasting impacts on the country's international relations. Without colonization, Vietnam's relationships with neighboring countries and the wider world might have developed differently.
Cultural Exchange: Colonization brought about cultural exchange and the introduction of new ideas, technologies, and practices to Vietnam. Without colonization, the pace and nature of cultural exchange with other regions might have been different.

國(guó)際關(guān)系：中國(guó)和法國(guó)在越南的歷史存在對(duì)該國(guó)的國(guó)際關(guān)系產(chǎn)生了持久影響。如果沒(méi)有殖民，越南與鄰國(guó)及更廣泛世界的關(guān)系可能會(huì)有不同的發(fā)展。
文化交流：殖民帶來(lái)了文化交流和新思想、技術(shù)、實(shí)踐的引入。如果沒(méi)有殖民，與其他地區(qū)的文化交流的速度和性質(zhì)可能會(huì)有所不同。

It's important to note that the history of Vietnam is complex, and various factors beyond just colonization have shaped the country's development. While it is interesting to speculate on alternate histories, it is difficult to predict with certainty how Vietnam would have evolved without the influence of China and France.

值得注意的是，越南的歷史十分復(fù)雜，除了殖民化之外，還有許多其他因素塑造了該國(guó)的發(fā)展。雖然對(duì)替代歷史的推測(cè)很有趣，但很難確定如果沒(méi)有中國(guó)和法國(guó)的影響，越南會(huì)如何演變。

Hoang Pham
The southern part of Vietnam only became part of the country for the last 300 years, so it would be highly possible that the Champa kingdom (modern central Vietnam) would stay as is, and the Prey Nokor region (modern south Vietnam) would stay with Cambodia. The country of Vietnam wouldn’t be named as such either because it is a sinicized name itself.

越南南部只有在過(guò)去300年才成為該國(guó)的一部分，因此很有可能占據(jù)現(xiàn)代中部越南的占婆王國(guó)會(huì)保持原樣，而現(xiàn)代南部越南的Prey Nokor地區(qū)會(huì)繼續(xù)屬于柬埔寨。越南這個(gè)國(guó)家也不會(huì)被這樣命名，因?yàn)樗旧砭褪且粋€(gè)漢化的名字。

There is a theory that the natives of the land (North of modern Vietnam) branched out from the first Chinese domination around 2000 years ago into “Kinh” and “M??ng". As a result, the natives that were sinicized, or hybrid Chinese - M??ng are known today as “Kinh”, while the “M??ng" term itself is what Kinh use to refer to the branch that managed to keep themselves together, and from any foreign influence. Nowadays, Kinh is the majority of the Vietnamese population (84%+) and the term is sometimes misused as the definition of “Vietnamese”, and M??ng is recognized by the Vietnamese/Kinh as an ethnic minority group.

有一種理論認(rèn)為，約2000年前在第一次中國(guó)統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，現(xiàn)今越南北部的原住民分化成了“京”族和“苗”族。因此，那些受到漢化或中越混合影響的原住民被稱(chēng)為“京”族，而“苗”族則是指那些能夠保持自己獨(dú)立、不受外來(lái)影響的群體。如今，京族是越南人口的主要部分（超過(guò)84%），這個(gè)詞有時(shí)被誤用來(lái)指代“越南人”，而苗族則被越南人/京族認(rèn)定為一個(gè)少數(shù)民族群體。

So maybe “the Vietnamese” in that parallel world would be like them.
Read more about them from:
http://muong.vn/en

所以，也許在那個(gè)平行世界中的“越南人”會(huì)像他們一樣。
閱讀更多關(guān)于他們的信息:

http://muong.vn/en
Muhammad Arif Prasetyawan
It could’ve gone two different ways: Indianization/Sinicization! Without Chinese occupation, Vietnamese might have been influenced by the southern Indianized kingdoms became Indianized itself, & Champa wouldn’t have been wiped out! At later periods, it might’ve been Islamized by Maritime Southeast Asia just like Champa, or it could’ve stayed Indianized like other Mainland Southeast Asia, sharing cultural heritage with Thailand, Laos, & Cambodia! Language-wise, majority of loanwords would have been from Indic languages, & their scxt would’ve long been the phonetic abugida scxt, sharing similarities & origin with Thai, Lao, & Cambodian languages!

這可能會(huì)有兩種不同的發(fā)展方向：印度化或漢化！如果沒(méi)有中國(guó)的占領(lǐng)，越南可能會(huì)受到南部印度化王國(guó)的影響，最終自身也變得印度化，而占婆也不會(huì)被滅絕。在后期，它可能會(huì)像占婆一樣被海洋東南亞地區(qū)的伊斯蘭化，或者像其他大陸東南亞國(guó)家一樣保持印度化，與泰國(guó)、老撾和柬埔寨分享文化遺產(chǎn)！在語(yǔ)言方面，大多數(shù)借詞可能會(huì)來(lái)自印地語(yǔ)系語(yǔ)言，它們的文字系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)是音節(jié)文字，類(lèi)似于泰語(yǔ)、老撾語(yǔ)和柬埔寨語(yǔ)。

However, it could’ve also been Sinicized either way! Several ??ng S?n drums created before Chinese occupation at northern Vietnam were found with Chinese characters on them! This could’ve meant that Vietnam, whether it was conquered/not, were on the verge of willing Sinicization like Korea & Japan! Therefore, it might’ve just ended up like today, but has less similarities with China! Language-wise majority of loanwords would still be from Sinitic languages, just not as many as now! Without French colonization, Vietnam would’ve still retained its Sinitic writing system, & at the dawn of Westernization that favored widespread literacy, would’ve standardized ch? N?m completely, allowing mass education!

然而，無(wú)論哪種情況，它也可能被漢化！在中國(guó)占領(lǐng)之前發(fā)現(xiàn)的幾個(gè)東山鼓上刻有漢字，這可能意味著越南，無(wú)論是被征服還是未被征服，都接近于愿意漢化，類(lèi)似于韓國(guó)和日本！因此，它可能會(huì)像今天一樣，但與中國(guó)的相似性較少！在語(yǔ)言方面，大多數(shù)借詞仍會(huì)來(lái)自漢語(yǔ)系語(yǔ)言，只是沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在這么多！如果沒(méi)有法國(guó)殖民，越南將繼續(xù)保留其漢字書(shū)寫(xiě)系統(tǒng)，并且在西方化的曙光下，傾向于普及教育的情況下，會(huì)完全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化“喃字”，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)大眾教育。

Thanh Pham
Good question you should go and dig in to the history of our country more and analyze the pro and coin of each event, I give you a hint the French did give you the Alphabetical representation of our language but actually it was the gift from god, because god required the Catholic priest to have PHD in Divinity and written and spoken seven languages so they become experts in Linguistics, this is the talent god given them to eliminate illiteracy around the world to pay off a portion of their government imposed on the poverty population of the world

這是個(gè)好問(wèn)題，你應(yīng)該深入研究我們國(guó)家的歷史，分析每個(gè)事件的利與弊。我給你一個(gè)提示，法國(guó)確實(shí)給予了我們字母書(shū)寫(xiě)系統(tǒng)，但實(shí)際上這是神的恩賜，因?yàn)樯褚筇熘鹘躺窀笓碛猩駥W(xué)博士學(xué)位，并且能夠書(shū)寫(xiě)和講述七種語(yǔ)言，因此他們成為了語(yǔ)言學(xué)專(zhuān)家。這是神賦予他們的才能，以消除世界上的文盲，部分補(bǔ)償了政府對(duì)貧困人口的負(fù)擔(dān)。

Don’t forget in any event there are many angels of the consequences looking at all and using your thinking and experience and your teacher and family the people with good knowledge and experience to analyze all angles for the future of their children and their country not for their own political ambition

無(wú)論如何，不要忘記有許多方面在考量所有的后果。利用你的思維和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，還有你的老師和家人，以及那些具備良好知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人，來(lái)全面分析未來(lái)對(duì)他們的孩子和國(guó)家的影響，而不是為了自己的政治野心。

Thanh Pham
Yes thank you for your comments my next generation should have good understanding of the reason I came to this country, and they obviously will be a good US citizens but my mother country history needs to be know by them in real analysts like you seen in the University of California

是的，謝謝你的評(píng)論。我希望我的下一代能充分理解我來(lái)到這個(gè)國(guó)家的原因，他們顯然會(huì)成為優(yōu)秀的美國(guó)公民，但他們也需要了解我母國(guó)的歷史，就像你在加州大學(xué)所看到的那樣。
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Angelica Corvinus
If framce not conquer vietnam, vietnam would not use vietnamese character. They would still use Chinese. They would not use tr?g voc.

如果法國(guó)沒(méi)有征服越南，越南可能不會(huì)使用越南字母。它們可能仍然會(huì)使用漢字，而不會(huì)使用“喃字”。

如果中國(guó)和法國(guó)從未征服越南，那么越南會(huì)是什么樣子（例如，文化、語(yǔ)言等）？

如果中國(guó)和法國(guó)從未征服越南，那么越南會(huì)是什么樣子（例如，文化、語(yǔ)言等）？