沙特阿拉伯可能打破西方的金融架構(gòu)
Saudi Arabia could break the West’s financial architecture譯文簡介
看到美國和歐盟試圖扣押俄羅斯資產(chǎn),海灣地區(qū)的富裕投資者開始擔心自己的財富安全。
正文翻譯
Seeing efforts to seize Russian assets in the US and the EU, rich Gulf investors are getting worried about the safety of their own wealth
看到美國和歐盟試圖扣押俄羅斯資產(chǎn),海灣地區(qū)的富裕投資者開始擔心自己的財富安全。
Private property has always been regarded as something sacred for humanity. Today, however, this sanctity and inviolability of private property are under threat. In the modern world, where economic and political instability are becoming increasingly common, the legal systems and international agreements designed to protect property rights are facing new challenges. Asset confiscation, economic sanctions, and political pressure threaten the traditional notions of property inviolability, forcing people to reassess their beliefs and seek new ways to safeguard their interests.
私有財產(chǎn)歷來被人類視為神圣之物,但今天私有財產(chǎn)的神圣性和不可侵犯性卻受到威脅。在經(jīng)濟和政治不穩(wěn)定日益普遍的當今世界,旨在保護產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律體系和國際協(xié)議正面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn)。資產(chǎn)沒收、經(jīng)濟制裁和政治壓力威脅著財產(chǎn)不可侵犯的傳統(tǒng)觀念,迫使人們重新評估自己的信念并尋求新的方式來維護自己的利益。
私有財產(chǎn)歷來被人類視為神圣之物,但今天私有財產(chǎn)的神圣性和不可侵犯性卻受到威脅。在經(jīng)濟和政治不穩(wěn)定日益普遍的當今世界,旨在保護產(chǎn)權(quán)的法律體系和國際協(xié)議正面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn)。資產(chǎn)沒收、經(jīng)濟制裁和政治壓力威脅著財產(chǎn)不可侵犯的傳統(tǒng)觀念,迫使人們重新評估自己的信念并尋求新的方式來維護自己的利益。
Last week, global media outlets reported that at the beginning of this year, Saudi Arabia hinted at the possibility of selling some of its European debt holdings if the G7 countries moved forward with plans to confiscate nearly $300 billion of Russia’s frozen assets. This information came from sources familiar with the situation, adding a layer of complexity to the already tense geopolitical landscape.
上周,全球媒體報道稱,今年初,沙特暗示,如果七國集團繼續(xù)實施沒收俄羅斯近 3000 億美元凍結(jié)資產(chǎn)的計劃,沙特可能會出售部分歐洲債務(wù)。這一消息來自知情人士,這給本已緊張的地緣政治格局增添了一層復(fù)雜性。
上周,全球媒體報道稱,今年初,沙特暗示,如果七國集團繼續(xù)實施沒收俄羅斯近 3000 億美元凍結(jié)資產(chǎn)的計劃,沙特可能會出售部分歐洲債務(wù)。這一消息來自知情人士,這給本已緊張的地緣政治格局增添了一層復(fù)雜性。
Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Finance communicated to some G7 partners its strong disapproval of the proposed measure, which was intended to support Ukraine in its conflict with Russia. One insider described the communication as a veiled threat, highlighting the kingdom’s serious intent to protect its financial interests. The Saudis specifically mentioned French Treasury-issued debts, underscoring their strategic approach to leveraging their economic influence.
沙特阿拉伯財政部向一些 G7 伙伴表達了強烈反對這項旨在支持烏克蘭與俄羅斯沖突的措施的提議。一位內(nèi)部人士稱,此次通話是一種含蓄的威脅,凸顯了沙特保護其金融利益的嚴肅意圖。沙特特別提到了法國國債,強調(diào)了他們利用經(jīng)濟影響力的戰(zhàn)略方針。
沙特阿拉伯財政部向一些 G7 伙伴表達了強烈反對這項旨在支持烏克蘭與俄羅斯沖突的措施的提議。一位內(nèi)部人士稱,此次通話是一種含蓄的威脅,凸顯了沙特保護其金融利益的嚴肅意圖。沙特特別提到了法國國債,強調(diào)了他們利用經(jīng)濟影響力的戰(zhàn)略方針。
During the period from May to June, G7 countries deliberated over various options concerning the Russian Central Bank’s assets. The discussions were intense and multifaceted, considering both the legal and economic ramifications. Ultimately, the group reached a consensus to utilize only the earnings generated from these assets, leaving the principal intact. This cautious approach was adopted despite considerable pressure from the United States and the United Kingdom, which advocated for more assertive measures, including the direct confiscation of Russian assets.
5 月至 6 月期間,七國集團就俄羅斯央行資產(chǎn)的各種選擇進行了討論。討論非常激烈,涉及多個方面,既考慮了法律影響,也考慮了經(jīng)濟影響。最終,七國集團達成共識,只使用這些資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的收益,本金保持不變。盡管美國和英國施加了相當大的壓力,主張采取更加強硬的措施,包括直接沒收俄羅斯資產(chǎn),但俄羅斯仍采取了這種謹慎的態(tài)度。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
5 月至 6 月期間,七國集團就俄羅斯央行資產(chǎn)的各種選擇進行了討論。討論非常激烈,涉及多個方面,既考慮了法律影響,也考慮了經(jīng)濟影響。最終,七國集團達成共識,只使用這些資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的收益,本金保持不變。盡管美國和英國施加了相當大的壓力,主張采取更加強硬的措施,包括直接沒收俄羅斯資產(chǎn),但俄羅斯仍采取了這種謹慎的態(tài)度。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
The proposal to confiscate Russian assets outright faced significant resistance, particularly from some Eurozone member countries. These nations expressed concerns about the potential negative repercussions on their own currencies and broader economic stability. This internal opposition within the G7 highlighted a notable division among its members, revealing that not all were prepared to endorse radical measures. This divide persists even as the conflict in Ukraine continues and the necessity to support its beleaguered economy grows more urgent.
沒收俄羅斯資產(chǎn)的提議遭到了強烈抵制,尤其是來自一些歐元區(qū)成員國的抵制。這些國家擔心這可能會對本國貨幣和更廣泛的經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生負面影響。七國集團內(nèi)部的這種反對情緒凸顯了其成員國之間的明顯分歧,表明并非所有成員國都愿意支持激進措施。即使烏克蘭沖突仍在繼續(xù),支持其陷入困境的經(jīng)濟的必要性也變得更加迫切,這種分歧仍然存在。
沒收俄羅斯資產(chǎn)的提議遭到了強烈抵制,尤其是來自一些歐元區(qū)成員國的抵制。這些國家擔心這可能會對本國貨幣和更廣泛的經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)生負面影響。七國集團內(nèi)部的這種反對情緒凸顯了其成員國之間的明顯分歧,表明并非所有成員國都愿意支持激進措施。即使烏克蘭沖突仍在繼續(xù),支持其陷入困境的經(jīng)濟的必要性也變得更加迫切,這種分歧仍然存在。
Additionally, the broader implications of Saudi Arabia’s stance cannot be ignored. The kingdom’s potential sale of European debt holdings could have a ripple effect across global financial markets, potentially destabilizing the delicate balance of international debt and equity markets. Such a move would also signify a significant geopolitical shift, demonstrating Saudi Arabia’s willingness to use its economic power as a tool of political influence.
此外,沙特阿拉伯立場的廣泛影響也不容忽視。沙特出售歐洲債務(wù)可能在全球金融市場產(chǎn)生連鎖反應(yīng),有可能破壞國際債務(wù)和股票市場微妙的平衡。此舉也將標志著地緣政治的重大轉(zhuǎn)變,表明沙特愿意利用其經(jīng)濟實力作為政治影響力的工具。
此外,沙特阿拉伯立場的廣泛影響也不容忽視。沙特出售歐洲債務(wù)可能在全球金融市場產(chǎn)生連鎖反應(yīng),有可能破壞國際債務(wù)和股票市場微妙的平衡。此舉也將標志著地緣政治的重大轉(zhuǎn)變,表明沙特愿意利用其經(jīng)濟實力作為政治影響力的工具。
The G7’s cautious decision to utilize only the earnings from Russian assets reflects a broader hesitation to escalate financial sanctions to the point of asset confiscation. This decision underscores the complexity of international financial diplomacy, where economic decisions are intricately tied to political and strategic considerations. As the situation evolves, the international community will be closely watching how these financial and geopolitical strategies unfold, particularly in the context of the conflict in Ukraine and the global economic landscape.
七國集團謹慎決定只利用俄羅斯資產(chǎn)收益,反映出其對將金融制裁升級到?jīng)]收資產(chǎn)的猶豫。這一決定凸顯了國際金融外交的復(fù)雜性,因為經(jīng)濟決策與政治和戰(zhàn)略考慮密切相關(guān)。隨著局勢的發(fā)展,國際社會將密切關(guān)注這些金融和地緣政治戰(zhàn)略如何展開,特別是在烏克蘭沖突和全球經(jīng)濟格局的背景下。
七國集團謹慎決定只利用俄羅斯資產(chǎn)收益,反映出其對將金融制裁升級到?jīng)]收資產(chǎn)的猶豫。這一決定凸顯了國際金融外交的復(fù)雜性,因為經(jīng)濟決策與政治和戰(zhàn)略考慮密切相關(guān)。隨著局勢的發(fā)展,國際社會將密切關(guān)注這些金融和地緣政治戰(zhàn)略如何展開,特別是在烏克蘭沖突和全球經(jīng)濟格局的背景下。
Riyadh has serious clout
Against the backdrop of escalating international tensions and economic sanctions, Saudi Arabia’s reaction to the potential measures by G7 countries to confiscate Russian assets has garnered significant attention. The kingdom not only voiced its discontent but also hinted at possible economic countermeasures, highlighting its growing influence on the global stage and its strategic intentions.
利雅得具有重大影響力
在國際緊張局勢升級和經(jīng)濟制裁的背景下,沙特對七國集團可能采取措施沒收俄羅斯資產(chǎn)的反應(yīng)備受關(guān)注。沙特不僅表達了不滿,還暗示可能采取經(jīng)濟反制措施,凸顯其在全球舞臺上日益增長的影響力及其戰(zhàn)略意圖。
Against the backdrop of escalating international tensions and economic sanctions, Saudi Arabia’s reaction to the potential measures by G7 countries to confiscate Russian assets has garnered significant attention. The kingdom not only voiced its discontent but also hinted at possible economic countermeasures, highlighting its growing influence on the global stage and its strategic intentions.
利雅得具有重大影響力
在國際緊張局勢升級和經(jīng)濟制裁的背景下,沙特對七國集團可能采取措施沒收俄羅斯資產(chǎn)的反應(yīng)備受關(guān)注。沙特不僅表達了不滿,還暗示可能采取經(jīng)濟反制措施,凸顯其在全球舞臺上日益增長的影響力及其戰(zhàn)略意圖。
Saudi Arabia’s active investments in Western markets through its sovereign wealth fund, the Public Investment Fund (PIF), underscore its significant financial clout. The PIF is a cornerstone of the ambitious Vision 2030 program, which aims to diversify the economy and reduce dependence on oil revenues.
沙特阿拉伯通過其主權(quán)財富基金公共投資基金 (PIF) 積極投資西方市場,彰顯了其巨大的金融影響力。PIF 是雄心勃勃的“2030 愿景”計劃的基石,該計劃旨在實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟多元化并減少對石油收入的依賴。
沙特阿拉伯通過其主權(quán)財富基金公共投資基金 (PIF) 積極投資西方市場,彰顯了其巨大的金融影響力。PIF 是雄心勃勃的“2030 愿景”計劃的基石,該計劃旨在實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟多元化并減少對石油收入的依賴。
By the end of 2023, PIF managed assets totaling approximately $925 billion, with plans to increase this to $1.07 trillion by 2025. Additionally, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) holds substantial foreign reserves, estimated at $423.7 billion as of April this year.
截至 2023 年底,PIF 管理的資產(chǎn)總額約為 9250 億美元,并計劃到 2025 年將這一數(shù)字增至 1.07 萬億美元。此外,沙特阿拉伯貨幣管理局 (SAMA) 擁有大量外匯儲備,截至今年 4 月估計為 4237 億美元。
截至 2023 年底,PIF 管理的資產(chǎn)總額約為 9250 億美元,并計劃到 2025 年將這一數(shù)字增至 1.07 萬億美元。此外,沙特阿拉伯貨幣管理局 (SAMA) 擁有大量外匯儲備,截至今年 4 月估計為 4237 億美元。
The PIF’s investment strategy spans various sectors and regions. For example, the fund invested $45 billion in the UK-based SoftBank Vision Fund, focusing on technological innovations. In 2023, PIF announced plans to invest $40 billion in US infrastructure projects, with $20 billion already allocated to a joint project with Blackstone. According to Gulf Business, in 2021, the fund acquired significant stakes in American video game companies such as Electronic Arts and Activision Blizzard, and in 2022, it purchased a 5% stake in the Japanese company Nintendo.
PIF 的投資策略涵蓋多個行業(yè)和地區(qū)。例如,該基金向總部位于英國的軟銀愿景基金投資了 450 億美元,專注于技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。2023 年,PIF 宣布計劃向美國基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項目投資 400 億美元,其中 200 億美元已分配給與黑石的聯(lián)合項目。據(jù)《海灣商業(yè)》報道,2021年,該基金收購了藝電、動視暴雪等美國視頻游戲公司的大量股份,2022年又收購了日本任天堂5%的股份。
PIF 的投資策略涵蓋多個行業(yè)和地區(qū)。例如,該基金向總部位于英國的軟銀愿景基金投資了 450 億美元,專注于技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。2023 年,PIF 宣布計劃向美國基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項目投資 400 億美元,其中 200 億美元已分配給與黑石的聯(lián)合項目。據(jù)《海灣商業(yè)》報道,2021年,該基金收購了藝電、動視暴雪等美國視頻游戲公司的大量股份,2022年又收購了日本任天堂5%的股份。
Beyond the technology sector, PIF is actively investing in real estate, infrastructure, and financial services. In November 2023, the fund acquired a 10% stake in Heathrow Airport, and in December, it purchased a 49% stake in the Rocco Forte hotel chain, valued at $1.8 billion. This year, the fund also acquired a 38% stake in the German company HOLON GmbH.
除了科技領(lǐng)域,PIF 還積極投資房地產(chǎn)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和金融服務(wù)。2023 年 11 月,該基金收購了希思羅機場 10% 的股份,12 月,該基金收購了 Rocco Forte 連鎖酒店 49% 的股份,價值 18 億美元。今年,該基金還收購了德國公司 HOLON GmbH 38% 的股份。
除了科技領(lǐng)域,PIF 還積極投資房地產(chǎn)、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和金融服務(wù)。2023 年 11 月,該基金收購了希思羅機場 10% 的股份,12 月,該基金收購了 Rocco Forte 連鎖酒店 49% 的股份,價值 18 億美元。今年,該基金還收購了德國公司 HOLON GmbH 38% 的股份。
Riyadh’s concerns are well-founded, as the authorities are anxious about the potential fate of their Western assets, which are estimated to be worth up to $600 billion. Currently, Saudi Arabia’s relations with the West are strained, both with Washington and Brussels, which continuously exert pressure on the kingdom due to its reluctance to join in isolating Russia and to pursue a pro-Western foreign policy.
利雅得的擔憂是有道理的,因為當局對其西方資產(chǎn)的潛在命運感到焦慮,這些資產(chǎn)估計價值高達 6000 億美元。目前,沙特與西方的關(guān)系緊張,華盛頓和布魯塞爾都不斷向沙特施壓,因為沙特不愿加入孤立俄羅斯的行列,也不愿推行親西方的外交政策。
利雅得的擔憂是有道理的,因為當局對其西方資產(chǎn)的潛在命運感到焦慮,這些資產(chǎn)估計價值高達 6000 億美元。目前,沙特與西方的關(guān)系緊張,華盛頓和布魯塞爾都不斷向沙特施壓,因為沙特不愿加入孤立俄羅斯的行列,也不愿推行親西方的外交政策。
Regardless of the motives, Saudi Arabia’s actions underscore its growing influence on the global stage and the challenges Western countries face in garnering support from the Global South for their anti-Russian policies. Under the leadership of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh is increasingly positioning itself as a diplomatic force and diversifying its foreign policy and economic ties with Moscow, Beijing, and other non-Western power centers.
無論動機如何,沙特的行動凸顯了其在全球舞臺上日益增長的影響力,以及西方國家在爭取全球南方國家支持其反俄政策方面所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。在沙特阿拉伯事實上的統(tǒng)治者王儲穆罕默德·本·薩勒曼的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,利雅得日益將自己定位為一支外交力量,并使其外交政策和經(jīng)濟關(guān)系多樣化,與莫斯科、北京和其他非西方權(quán)力中心保持聯(lián)系。
無論動機如何,沙特的行動凸顯了其在全球舞臺上日益增長的影響力,以及西方國家在爭取全球南方國家支持其反俄政策方面所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。在沙特阿拉伯事實上的統(tǒng)治者王儲穆罕默德·本·薩勒曼的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,利雅得日益將自己定位為一支外交力量,并使其外交政策和經(jīng)濟關(guān)系多樣化,與莫斯科、北京和其他非西方權(quán)力中心保持聯(lián)系。
The end of the dollar era?
In recent months, the world has witnessed significant shifts in the global economic landscape. Saudi Arabia, long a key player in maintaining the US dollar as the dominant currency in global trade, is taking steps that could radically alter this dynamic. The kingdom’s decision to not renew the 50-year-old petrodollar agreement with the US and its active participation in de-dollarization raise critical questions: Will these actions herald the end of the dollar era, and what could be the consequences for the global economy?
美元時代終結(jié)?
近幾個月來,世界見證了全球經(jīng)濟格局的重大變化。長期以來,沙特阿拉伯一直是維持美元作為全球貿(mào)易主導(dǎo)貨幣的關(guān)鍵角色,而該國正在采取可能徹底改變這一格局的措施。沙特決定不再與美國續(xù)簽已有50年歷史的石油美元協(xié)議,并積極參與去美元化,這引發(fā)了一個關(guān)鍵問題:這些舉措是否預(yù)示著美元時代的終結(jié)?這將對全球經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生什么影響?
In recent months, the world has witnessed significant shifts in the global economic landscape. Saudi Arabia, long a key player in maintaining the US dollar as the dominant currency in global trade, is taking steps that could radically alter this dynamic. The kingdom’s decision to not renew the 50-year-old petrodollar agreement with the US and its active participation in de-dollarization raise critical questions: Will these actions herald the end of the dollar era, and what could be the consequences for the global economy?
美元時代終結(jié)?
近幾個月來,世界見證了全球經(jīng)濟格局的重大變化。長期以來,沙特阿拉伯一直是維持美元作為全球貿(mào)易主導(dǎo)貨幣的關(guān)鍵角色,而該國正在采取可能徹底改變這一格局的措施。沙特決定不再與美國續(xù)簽已有50年歷史的石油美元協(xié)議,并積極參與去美元化,這引發(fā)了一個關(guān)鍵問題:這些舉措是否預(yù)示著美元時代的終結(jié)?這將對全球經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生什么影響?
The petrodollar agreement, signed by Saudi Arabia and the US on June 8, 1974, became a cornerstone of America’s global economic influence. This agreement established joint commissions for economic cooperation and meeting Saudi Arabia’s military needs. In return, the kingdom committed to selling oil exclusively in US dollars, bolstering the American currency’s position on the world stage and maintaining high demand for the dollar.
1974年6月8日,沙特與美國簽署的石油美元協(xié)議成為美國全球經(jīng)濟影響力的基石。該協(xié)議設(shè)立了經(jīng)濟合作和滿足沙特軍事需求的聯(lián)合委員會。作為回報,沙特承諾只以美元出售石油,以鞏固美元在世界舞臺上的地位并維持對美元的高需求。
1974年6月8日,沙特與美國簽署的石油美元協(xié)議成為美國全球經(jīng)濟影響力的基石。該協(xié)議設(shè)立了經(jīng)濟合作和滿足沙特軍事需求的聯(lián)合委員會。作為回報,沙特承諾只以美元出售石油,以鞏固美元在世界舞臺上的地位并維持對美元的高需求。
On June 9 of this year, Saudi Arabia decided not to renew this pivotal agreement. The kingdom now has the flexibility to sell oil and other commodities using various currencies, such as the yuan, euro, or yen, instead of the US dollar. Additionally, the possibility of using digital currencies like Bitcoin for transactions is being explored. This move opens new avenues for diversifying economic relations and reducing dependence on the US dollar, thereby accelerating the global trend toward using alternative currencies in international trade.
今年6月9日,沙特決定不再續(xù)簽這一關(guān)鍵協(xié)議。沙特現(xiàn)在可以使用人民幣、歐元或日元等多種貨幣(而非美元)來靈活地銷售石油和其他商品。此外,使用比特幣等數(shù)字貨幣進行交易的可能性也在探索之中。此舉為實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟關(guān)系多元化、減少對美元的依賴開辟了新途徑,從而加速了全球在國際貿(mào)易中使用替代貨幣的趨勢。
今年6月9日,沙特決定不再續(xù)簽這一關(guān)鍵協(xié)議。沙特現(xiàn)在可以使用人民幣、歐元或日元等多種貨幣(而非美元)來靈活地銷售石油和其他商品。此外,使用比特幣等數(shù)字貨幣進行交易的可能性也在探索之中。此舉為實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟關(guān)系多元化、減少對美元的依賴開辟了新途徑,從而加速了全球在國際貿(mào)易中使用替代貨幣的趨勢。
Particular attention should be given to the role of the BRICS group of countries, of which Saudi Arabia became a member on January 1, 2024. The BRICS nations actively promote the use of national currencies in international transactions and are developing their own financial institutions. De-dollarization is becoming increasingly relevant, especially for emerging economies seeking to reduce their reliance on the US currency and financial system.
應(yīng)特別關(guān)注金磚國家集團的作用,沙特阿拉伯于2024年1月1日成為金磚國家集團成員。金磚國家積極推動在國際交易中使用本國貨幣,并發(fā)展自己的金融機構(gòu)。去美元化變得越來越重要,特別是對于尋求減少對美國貨幣和金融體系依賴的新興經(jīng)濟體而言。
應(yīng)特別關(guān)注金磚國家集團的作用,沙特阿拉伯于2024年1月1日成為金磚國家集團成員。金磚國家積極推動在國際交易中使用本國貨幣,并發(fā)展自己的金融機構(gòu)。去美元化變得越來越重要,特別是對于尋求減少對美國貨幣和金融體系依賴的新興經(jīng)濟體而言。
Saudi Arabia’s decision and the BRICS countries’ push for de-dollarization could have significant repercussions for the global economy. If de-dollarization continues to gain momentum, it could lead to a decreased demand for the dollar, impacting its value. A weakening dollar might challenge the United States’ ability to maintain its financial stability and global influence.
沙特阿拉伯的決定和金磚國家推動去美元化的舉措可能會對全球經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生重大影響。如果去美元化繼續(xù)發(fā)展,可能會導(dǎo)致對美元的需求下降,從而影響美元的價值。美元貶值可能會挑戰(zhàn)美國維持金融穩(wěn)定和全球影響力的能力。
沙特阿拉伯的決定和金磚國家推動去美元化的舉措可能會對全球經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生重大影響。如果去美元化繼續(xù)發(fā)展,可能會導(dǎo)致對美元的需求下降,從而影響美元的價值。美元貶值可能會挑戰(zhàn)美國維持金融穩(wěn)定和全球影響力的能力。
Despite significant strides toward de-dollarization, declaring the end of the dollar as the world’s primary currency is premature. The dollar still holds a central place in international transactions and the reserve assets of central banks worldwide. However, Saudi Arabia’s actions and the BRICS’ ambitions indicate a growing movement toward a multipolar currency system, where the dollar is no longer the sole dominant player.
盡管在去美元化方面取得了重大進展,但宣布美元作為世界主要貨幣的地位已經(jīng)終結(jié)還為時過早。美元在國際交易和世界各國央行的儲備資產(chǎn)中仍然占據(jù)著核心地位。然而,沙特的行動和金磚國家的雄心表明,多極貨幣體系的趨勢日益明顯,美元不再是唯一的主導(dǎo)者。
盡管在去美元化方面取得了重大進展,但宣布美元作為世界主要貨幣的地位已經(jīng)終結(jié)還為時過早。美元在國際交易和世界各國央行的儲備資產(chǎn)中仍然占據(jù)著核心地位。然而,沙特的行動和金磚國家的雄心表明,多極貨幣體系的趨勢日益明顯,美元不再是唯一的主導(dǎo)者。
One-way road to destruction
Amid global economic and political uncertainty, the G7 countries find it increasingly challenging to identify ways to support Ukraine and counteract Russia. Their decisions have far-reaching implications, influencing global economic relations and financial stability. In June, after extended discussions at the summit in Italy, a decision was made to establish a financial structure that would provide Ukraine with approximately $50 billion in new aid.
走向毀滅的單行道
在全球經(jīng)濟和政治不確定的背景下,七國集團發(fā)現(xiàn),如何支持烏克蘭、如何制衡俄羅斯變得越來越困難。他們的決定影響深遠,影響著全球經(jīng)濟關(guān)系和金融穩(wěn)定。今年6月,在意大利峰會上經(jīng)過長時間討論后,決定建立一個金融架構(gòu),向烏克蘭提供約500億美元的新援助。
Amid global economic and political uncertainty, the G7 countries find it increasingly challenging to identify ways to support Ukraine and counteract Russia. Their decisions have far-reaching implications, influencing global economic relations and financial stability. In June, after extended discussions at the summit in Italy, a decision was made to establish a financial structure that would provide Ukraine with approximately $50 billion in new aid.
走向毀滅的單行道
在全球經(jīng)濟和政治不確定的背景下,七國集團發(fā)現(xiàn),如何支持烏克蘭、如何制衡俄羅斯變得越來越困難。他們的決定影響深遠,影響著全球經(jīng)濟關(guān)系和金融穩(wěn)定。今年6月,在意大利峰會上經(jīng)過長時間討論后,決定建立一個金融架構(gòu),向烏克蘭提供約500億美元的新援助。
The seven participating countries and the EU agreed to extend loans to be repaid from the profits generated by around $280 billion in frozen Russian assets, most of which are held in Europe. This decision was a compromise, as there is no consensus even among Western states, given the potentially catastrophic consequences of confiscating Russian assets.
七個參與國和歐盟同意延長貸款期限,用凍結(jié)俄羅斯資產(chǎn)約 2800 億美元所產(chǎn)生的利潤來償還,這些資產(chǎn)大部分存放在歐洲。這一決定是一種妥協(xié),因為考慮到?jīng)]收俄羅斯資產(chǎn)可能帶來的災(zāi)難性后果,即使是西方國家也沒有達成共識。
七個參與國和歐盟同意延長貸款期限,用凍結(jié)俄羅斯資產(chǎn)約 2800 億美元所產(chǎn)生的利潤來償還,這些資產(chǎn)大部分存放在歐洲。這一決定是一種妥協(xié),因為考慮到?jīng)]收俄羅斯資產(chǎn)可能帶來的災(zāi)難性后果,即使是西方國家也沒有達成共識。
Firstly, the seizure of Russian assets sets a dangerous precedent in the international financial system. Traditionally, state reserves held abroad were considered untouchable. Their confiscation could undermine the confidence of nations in the safety of their funds stored in foreign banks and financial institutions. This might lead countries to reconsider their reserve placement policies and result in a mass withdrawal of assets from foreign financial systems, causing turbulence in financial markets and weakening the stability of the international financial system.
首先,扣押俄羅斯資產(chǎn)在國際金融體系中開創(chuàng)了一個危險的先例。傳統(tǒng)上,俄羅斯在海外持有的儲備資產(chǎn)被認為是不可觸碰的。沒收這些資金可能會削弱各國對其存放在外國銀行和金融機構(gòu)的資金安全的信心。這可能導(dǎo)致各國重新考慮其儲備配置政策,并導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模資產(chǎn)從國外金融體系撤出,造成金融市場的動蕩,削弱國際金融體系的穩(wěn)定性。
首先,扣押俄羅斯資產(chǎn)在國際金融體系中開創(chuàng)了一個危險的先例。傳統(tǒng)上,俄羅斯在海外持有的儲備資產(chǎn)被認為是不可觸碰的。沒收這些資金可能會削弱各國對其存放在外國銀行和金融機構(gòu)的資金安全的信心。這可能導(dǎo)致各國重新考慮其儲備配置政策,并導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模資產(chǎn)從國外金融體系撤出,造成金融市場的動蕩,削弱國際金融體系的穩(wěn)定性。
Moreover, such actions could push nations to seek alternative financial institutions and instruments independent of the G7 countries. This could strengthen regional economic blocs, foster the development of new financial systems such as China’s CIPS, and support BRICS initiatives to use national currencies, thereby reducing the influence of Western financial institutions and the US dollar in the global economy.
此外,此類舉措可能促使各國尋求獨立于七國集團國家的替代金融機構(gòu)和工具。這可以加強區(qū)域經(jīng)濟集團,促進中國人民幣跨境支付系統(tǒng)(CIPS)等新金融體系的發(fā)展,并支持金磚國家使用本國貨幣的舉措,從而減少西方金融機構(gòu)和美元在全球經(jīng)濟中的影響力。
此外,此類舉措可能促使各國尋求獨立于七國集團國家的替代金融機構(gòu)和工具。這可以加強區(qū)域經(jīng)濟集團,促進中國人民幣跨境支付系統(tǒng)(CIPS)等新金融體系的發(fā)展,并支持金磚國家使用本國貨幣的舉措,從而減少西方金融機構(gòu)和美元在全球經(jīng)濟中的影響力。
The seizure of Russian assets also raises serious questions regarding international law. Fundamental principles of international law, such as the sovereign equality of states and the inviolability of property, could be violated by such actions. Sovereign equality implies that all states have equal rights and sovereignty, and their assets cannot be confiscated without legal grounds. The inviolability of property is a fundamental right protecting states’ assets from unlawful seizure.
扣押俄羅斯資產(chǎn)還引發(fā)了有關(guān)國際法的嚴重問題。此類行動可能會違反國際法的基本原則,例如國家主權(quán)平等和財產(chǎn)不可侵犯。主權(quán)平等意味著所有國家都享有平等的權(quán)利和主權(quán),其資產(chǎn)不得在沒有法律依據(jù)的情況下被沒收。財產(chǎn)不可侵犯是一項基本權(quán)利,旨在保護國家資產(chǎn)免遭非法扣押。
扣押俄羅斯資產(chǎn)還引發(fā)了有關(guān)國際法的嚴重問題。此類行動可能會違反國際法的基本原則,例如國家主權(quán)平等和財產(chǎn)不可侵犯。主權(quán)平等意味著所有國家都享有平等的權(quán)利和主權(quán),其資產(chǎn)不得在沒有法律依據(jù)的情況下被沒收。財產(chǎn)不可侵犯是一項基本權(quán)利,旨在保護國家資產(chǎn)免遭非法扣押。
The situation surrounding the potential confiscation of Russian assets remains tense and reflects the breakdown of the old world order. Saudi Arabia’s decision to sell European debt obligations could significantly impact financial markets, especially if it occurs amid existing economic problems in Europe. Additionally, other concerned regional investor states like the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, and others might follow Riyadh’s lead in selling off European bonds.
俄羅斯資產(chǎn)可能被沒收的局勢依然緊張,反映出舊世界秩序的崩潰。沙特阿拉伯出售歐洲債務(wù)的決定可能會對金融市場產(chǎn)生重大影響,尤其是如果這一決定發(fā)生在歐洲經(jīng)濟問題當前的情況下。此外,阿聯(lián)酋、卡塔爾、科威特等其他關(guān)注的地區(qū)投資者國家可能會效仿利雅得,拋售歐洲債券。
俄羅斯資產(chǎn)可能被沒收的局勢依然緊張,反映出舊世界秩序的崩潰。沙特阿拉伯出售歐洲債務(wù)的決定可能會對金融市場產(chǎn)生重大影響,尤其是如果這一決定發(fā)生在歐洲經(jīng)濟問題當前的情況下。此外,阿聯(lián)酋、卡塔爾、科威特等其他關(guān)注的地區(qū)投資者國家可能會效仿利雅得,拋售歐洲債券。
The modern global economy faces new challenges that require a reuation of existing mechanisms and strategies. The decision of the G7 leaders at the summit in Italy is seen as an attempt to balance interests and find compromise solutions amid global instability. However, the seizure of Russian assets and possible retaliatory measures from Saudi Arabia and other countries could significantly alter the balance of power in the international financial system. In these conditions, it is crucial to seek new paths for cooperation and stability to avoid destructive consequences for the global economy. Therefore, as the old world order, dominated by the West for decades, fades, an increasing number of countries from the global majority are interested in new mechanisms of global governance based on non-Western institutions, particularly BRICS.
當今世界經(jīng)濟面臨新的挑戰(zhàn),需要重新審視既有的機制和戰(zhàn)略,七國集團領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在意大利峰會上的決定,被視為在全球不穩(wěn)定局勢下平衡利益、尋求妥協(xié)解決方案的嘗試。然而,俄羅斯資產(chǎn)被扣押以及沙特阿拉伯和其他國家可能采取的報復(fù)措施可能會顯著改變國際金融體系的力量平衡。在這種情況下,尋求合作與穩(wěn)定的新道路以避免對全球經(jīng)濟造成破壞性后果至關(guān)重要。因此,隨著西方主導(dǎo)的舊世界秩序逐漸衰落,越來越多的世界大多數(shù)國家對基于非西方機構(gòu)、特別是金磚國家建立的全球治理新機制感興趣。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
當今世界經(jīng)濟面臨新的挑戰(zhàn),需要重新審視既有的機制和戰(zhàn)略,七國集團領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在意大利峰會上的決定,被視為在全球不穩(wěn)定局勢下平衡利益、尋求妥協(xié)解決方案的嘗試。然而,俄羅斯資產(chǎn)被扣押以及沙特阿拉伯和其他國家可能采取的報復(fù)措施可能會顯著改變國際金融體系的力量平衡。在這種情況下,尋求合作與穩(wěn)定的新道路以避免對全球經(jīng)濟造成破壞性后果至關(guān)重要。因此,隨著西方主導(dǎo)的舊世界秩序逐漸衰落,越來越多的世界大多數(shù)國家對基于非西方機構(gòu)、特別是金磚國家建立的全球治理新機制感興趣。
原創(chuàng)翻譯:龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處
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Good move by Saudi Arabia, Yes, the Saudis have clout on the global politics. Why haven't they used it to help the Palestinians by threatening the West with oil embargo and withdrawal of assets from the West? Saudi Arabia would have received total support and respect from the entire Muslim world and the Global South.
沙特阿拉伯的舉動很好,是的,沙特在全球政治中具有影響力。為什么他們不利用這種影響力來威脅西方,對西方實施石油禁運并撤走西方資產(chǎn),從而幫助巴勒斯坦人呢?沙特阿拉伯將獲得整個穆斯林世界和全球南方國家的全力支持和尊重。
TBTB, KSA and other Muslim countries are helping the Palestinians. Not militarily and not by repeating the 1973-1974 Oil Embargo that practically had no effect on the Palestinian cause, and lead to the assassination of Faisal. As you can notice, KSA is currently weakening the USA economically by phasing out the petro-dollar, and geopolitically by turning toward Russia and China, as well as re-establishing normal and good relations with Iran, those three are the greatest headaches for the Anglo-Zionist empire of Chaos, Kissinger's plan is crumbling . This will inevitably lead to the USA becoming completely irrelevant geopolitically and economically weak in West Asia then around the World, once achieved, the Zionist colony they call Israel will cease to exist, the AshkeNAZIS will then pack and go back to their centuries old traditional tormentors in Europe who 'love' them so much there...
沙特阿拉伯和其他穆斯林國家正在幫助巴勒斯坦人。但不是軍事行動,也不是重復(fù) 1973-1974 年的石油禁運,該禁運實際上對巴勒斯坦事業(yè)毫無作用,并導(dǎo)致費薩爾遇刺。正如你所看到的,沙特阿拉伯目前正在通過逐步淘汰石油美元來削弱美國的經(jīng)濟實力,并在地緣政治上轉(zhuǎn)向俄羅斯和中國,以及與伊朗重建正常和良好的關(guān)系,這三個問題是盎格魯-猶太復(fù)國主義帝國最頭疼的問題,基辛格的計劃正在瓦解。這將不可避免地導(dǎo)致美國在西亞乃至全世界的地緣政治和經(jīng)濟上變得完全無關(guān)緊要,一旦實現(xiàn),他們稱之為以色列的猶太復(fù)國主義殖民地將不復(fù)存在,德系猶太人將收拾行李回到他們幾個世紀以來的傳統(tǒng)折磨者那里,他們在那里非常“愛”他們……
It's time for Saudi Arabia to start pulling its funds out of the dying West and start investing more & more in the global south
沙特阿拉伯是時候開始將資金從垂死的西方撤出,并開始在全球南方進行更多投資了
The confiscation of asset revenues is nothing less than theft. Americans love stealing other people's money and resources.
沒收資產(chǎn)收益無異于盜竊,美國人最喜歡偷竊別人的金錢和資源。
libfrog88, Such is the way of empires
這就是帝國的行事之道
If what ex-General Wesley Clarke was saying back in early 2000's was accurate and the US intended to hit and destabilize/weaken/turn all those countries by around 5 years ago. then I'm assuming they expected Iran to have been pacified by now and then focusing on Russia in an attempt to exhaust it in some way so they can then focus on China. I'm thinking the plan hasn't gone all that well and they are rethinking things or just scrambling to hold onto their delusions of grandeur by forcing it through and seeing where the pieces fall.
如果退役將軍韋斯利·克拉克在 21 世紀初所說屬實,而且美國在大約 5 年前就打算打擊、破壞/削弱/轉(zhuǎn)變所有這些國家,那么我猜他們預(yù)計伊朗現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被平定,然后將注意力集中在俄羅斯身上,試圖以某種方式耗盡俄羅斯的兵力,這樣他們就可以把注意力集中在中國身上。我認為這個計劃進展不順利,他們正在重新考慮一些事情,或者只是匆忙地堅持自己的妄想,強行通過,看看結(jié)果會如何。
zael, Some elitist elements in the West are actively working with Israel to create new grounds for conflict that would span the Middle East. These elements can’t understand the value of friendliness unless it’s just a veneer over something else. The West should no longer give these elements any more weight unless WW3 is something the West really wants.
西方的一些精英分子正積極與以色列合作,制造橫跨中東的新沖突。這些分子無法理解友誼的價值,除非友誼只是掩飾其他東西的幌子。除非第三次世界大戰(zhàn)是西方真正想要的,否則西方不應(yīng)該再重視這些分子。
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I get a feeling the magnetic economic poles are going to flip to BRICS. For a good reason, the US is out of control.
我感覺經(jīng)濟磁極將轉(zhuǎn)向金磚國家。原因很簡單,美國已經(jīng)失控。
John J, If they just stop making sacred bald faced lies they might just pull it off.
如果他們停止赤裸裸的謊言,他們也許就能成功。
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For such thieves this is not their first rodeo at robbing the Russian people for having placed their trust on Lord Rothschild's financial outlets...
After the Revolution of 1905, the Czar had prudently prepared for further outbreaks by transferring some $400 million in cash to the New York banks, Chase, National City, Guaranty Trust, J. P. Morgan Co., and Hanover Trust. In 1914, these same banks bought the controlling number of shares in the newly organized Federal Reserve Bank of New York, paying for the stock with the Czar's sequestered funds...Other deposits of the Czar included $35-50 million in the Bank of England, $25 million in Barclay's, $30 million in Lloyd's Bank, $100 million in the Bank of France, $80 million in the Rothschild Bank in Paris, and $132 million in the Mendelssohn Bank in Berlin...
對于這樣的盜賊來說,這已經(jīng)不是他們第一次因為俄羅斯人民信任羅斯柴爾德勛爵的金融機構(gòu)而實施搶劫了……
1905 年革命后,沙皇謹慎地為進一步的爆發(fā)做好了準備,向紐約銀行、大通銀行、國家城市銀行、擔保信托公司、摩根大通公司和漢諾威信托公司轉(zhuǎn)移了約 4 億美元現(xiàn)金。1914 年,這些銀行用扣押的沙皇資金購買了新成立的紐約聯(lián)邦儲備銀行的控股股份……
沙皇的其他存款包括英格蘭銀行的3500萬至5000萬美元,巴克萊銀行的2500萬美元,勞埃德銀行的3000萬美元,法蘭西銀行的1億美元,巴黎羅斯柴爾德銀行的8000萬美元,以及柏林門德爾松銀行的1.32億美元......
1917 年 11 月 6 日凌晨 2 點,紅衛(wèi)兵開著一輛卡車來到帝國銀行,搬走了羅曼諾夫家族的所有黃金和珠寶。大部分黃金后來被直接運往紐約的庫恩·洛布公司。我們可能還記得,庫恩·洛布公司的高級合伙人雅各布·希夫曾拿出約 2000 萬美元自有資金來資助革命。顯然,這是一筆很好的投資……1918 年 7 月 17 日清晨,沙皇尼古拉二世的頭顱被從尸體上砍下,并作為證據(jù)保存下來,以示對托洛茨基、列寧等人的尊重……瑪麗亞太后在家族大屠殺中逃過一劫,她的個人收藏中帶有大量珠寶。1928 年她去世后,特工沒收了這些珠寶,并立即將它們運往白金漢宮。后來,她更重要的珠寶被收錄到瑪麗女王的私人收藏中。阿曼德·哈默將許多王室珠寶賣給了歐洲和美國的收藏家……
1929 年 7 月 20 日的《紐約時報》報道了沙皇的母親和 32 名羅曼諾夫家族繼承人對擔保信托和國家城市銀行提起的訴訟的進展情況。代表公共行政官詹姆斯·伊根的律師 F. 杜德利·科勒發(fā)布了以下法律通知,該通知刊登在《法律雜志》上:“特此通知所有擁有已故尼古拉二世資產(chǎn)、存款和證券的個人、公司、銀行、受托人,要求立即提供相關(guān)聲明和賬戶,如果沒有提供此類賬戶聲明,所有這些人都將對這些金額以及利息和調(diào)查程序的費用負責?!?隨后,該案件和科勒都從《紐約時報》的版面上消失了。
confusion in the minds of the masses destined to become slaves. Universal Slavery is the immediate aim of the Bleichroder Group which they strive to attain through the medium of a new war." The Bleichroders were the German representatives of the House of Rothschild.
Ref. Eustace Mullins, The Curse of Canaan, pp.138-40.
香水公司的創(chuàng)始人弗朗索瓦·科蒂在 1930 年巴黎《國際秘密社團評論》上發(fā)表的《揭開面紗》一書中寫道:“資本主義、社會主義、共產(chǎn)主義這些術(shù)語,是那些高薪煽動家散布的眾多主題,目的是在注定成為奴隸的大眾心中制造混亂。
普遍奴役是布萊希羅德集團的直接目標,他們力圖通過新戰(zhàn)爭來實現(xiàn)這一目標?!辈既R希羅德家族是羅斯柴爾德家族的德國代表。
參考 尤斯塔斯·馬林斯的《迦南的詛咒》,第 138-40 頁。
The West fake money scam are out in ther open now. About time they work like everybody else
西方的假幣騙局現(xiàn)在公開了。他們也該像其他人一樣工作了
“Ultimately, the group reached a consensus to utilize only the earnings generated from these assets, leaving the principal intact”. So, if a robber only takes part of your wealth, they are no longer thieves?
“最終大家達成共識,只利用這些資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的收益,本金不受影響?!彼?,如果強盜只拿走了你財富的一部分,他們就不再是強盜了?
The seizure of Russian assets will backfire - to the detriment of the American, European and British economies. The tax payers will bleed while the wealthy will just move their money elsewhere.
扣押俄羅斯資產(chǎn)將產(chǎn)生適得其反的效果——損害美國、歐洲和英國的經(jīng)濟。納稅人將血本無歸,而富人則只能將錢轉(zhuǎn)移到其他地方。
The best way to hit America is where it huts the most--in the wallet
打擊美國最好的辦法就是打中它最痛的地方——錢包
The white racist Americans hate brown hair Arabs I don't know why any none white would allied themselves with white racist cracker Americans this white trash racist Americans hate none white
白人種族主義者美國人討厭棕色頭發(fā)的阿拉伯人,我不知道為什么任何非白人會與白人種族主義者美國白人結(jié)盟,這些白人垃圾種族主義者美國人討厭非白人
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In past decade 2 of the largest buyers of US treasury debt has been China and Saudis. The US is largest debtor in world holding up a ponzi scheme with over 120% debt to GDP and almost trillion dollars in interest per year. Once the Brics commit to move away completely from US dollars ( and debt ) Good luck finding deep pockets to finance that debt. The end of road becomes visible for US dollar domination.
在過去十年中,美國國債最大的兩個買家是中國和沙特。美國是世界上最大的債務(wù)國,其債務(wù)占 GDP 的比例超過 120%,每年的利息幾乎達到萬億美元,是一個龐氏騙局。一旦金磚國家承諾完全放棄美元(和債務(wù)),就很難找到財大氣粗的人來為這些債務(wù)融資。美元霸權(quán)之路的盡頭已經(jīng)顯而易見。
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"Saudi Arabia could break the West’s financial architecture" Russia, China, Iran should offer protection to Saudi if Saudi does decide to break the West’s financial architecture.
“沙特可能打破西方的金融架構(gòu)…”如果沙特決定打破西方的金融架構(gòu),俄羅斯、中國、伊朗應(yīng)該為沙特提供保護。
Everybody should have panicked when London refused to repatriate Venezuela's gold at the request of the legitimate government in Caracas. Just because the Brits don't like Maduro. That's the true value of Western honesty in business. They will steal from you in an instant. So better dig a hole in your own country and deposit your wealth loco, just like in the old times.
當倫敦拒絕按照加拉加斯合法政府的要求將委內(nèi)瑞拉的黃金運回國內(nèi)時,每個人都應(yīng)該感到恐慌。只是因為英國人不喜歡馬杜羅。這就是西方商業(yè)誠信的真正價值。他們會在瞬間從你那里偷走。所以最好在自己的國家挖個洞,把你的財富存起來,就像過去一樣。
Iran and Venezuela assets confiscating by UK and US come to mind as the west is now contemplating theft of $300000000000, that's three hundred billion dollars in Russian assets.
西方現(xiàn)在正考慮竊取 3000 億美元,也就是 3000 億美元的俄羅斯資產(chǎn),這讓人想起英國和美國沒收伊朗和委內(nèi)瑞拉的資產(chǎn)。
DO IT. Let EU and USA CRUMBLE and learn how to actually WORK and EARN their food...
行動吧。讓歐盟和美國崩潰,然后學(xué)習如何實際工作并賺取食物……
No, Murad. There is nothing sacred about private property. So-called "private property" is a construct of the English Enlightenment devised as a means to justify the enclosure movement which ended up dispossessing entire Irish and Scottish counties of their lands. Sick. Also, assets that you are talking about became protected only recently.
不對,穆拉德。私有財產(chǎn)沒有什么神圣之處。所謂的“私有財產(chǎn)”是英國啟蒙運動的構(gòu)想,旨在為圈地運動辯護,而這場運動最終剝奪了整個愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭郡的土地。真惡心。另外,你所說的資產(chǎn)直到最近才受到保護。
Debra Legorreta, It is basically the right of individual to have fruits of personal labour/skill. The problem is that people can not earn in valuable metals with freedom to go anywhere in the world they prefer with full earnings or consume it all in the same place where it was earned. States continue to steal fruits of labour of people in the name of various taxes/levies/cess/fees, while all States employees get paid for the service they produce out of the same printed currency that people authorise State to print through power of their votes. States are thieves in disguise.
從根本上說,這是個人享有個人勞動/技能成果的權(quán)利。問題是,人們無法自由地用自己賺到的貴金屬去他們喜歡的任何地方,也無法在賺到錢的地方消費掉所有的錢。國家繼續(xù)以各種稅收/征稅/附加稅/費用的名義竊取人民的勞動成果,而所有國家雇員都從人民通過投票權(quán)授權(quán)國家印刷的同一種印刷貨幣中獲得報酬。國家是偽裝的小偷。