為什么基督教在韓國如此受歡迎?（下篇）

Why is Christianity so popular in South Korea?

2024-03-16 大號(hào)兒童 6595 14 3 收藏糾錯(cuò)&舉報(bào)

譯文簡介

網(wǎng)友：我曾與一個(gè)非宗教信仰的韓國人討論過基督教在韓國的傳播。他的父母是佛教徒，他妻子的母親是佛教徒，而她的父親是基督徒，他的一位姐姐嫁給了一個(gè)基督徒。他給我列舉了幾個(gè)基督教傳播的原因......

正文翻譯

Mogra Disu
I once discussed the spread of Christianity in Korea with a non-religious Korean. His parents were Buddhist, his wife’s mother is Buddhist, her father was Christian, one of his sisters is married to a Christian. He gave me several reasons for the spread of Christianity:

我曾與一個(gè)非宗教信仰的韓國人討論過基督教在韓國的傳播。他的父母是佛教徒，他妻子的母親是佛教徒，而她的父親是基督徒，他的一位姐姐嫁給了一個(gè)基督徒。他給我列舉了幾個(gè)基督教傳播的原因：
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

1.Christian money came in with investment from Americans, a lot of opportunistic Koreans converted to Christianity for money and jobs. These Koreans were non-religious and only pretended to convert. However their children were indoctrinated into Christianity.
2.The new Christians are fundamentalists and look down and subvert existing Korean culture and Buddhism through various ways.
3.Most Korean Buddhists are secular, and do not try to convert others.
4.Buddhist monks in Korea are disorganized and corrupt.

1.美國的投資帶來了基督教的資金，許多機(jī)會(huì)主義的韓國人為了金錢和工作而皈依基督教。這些韓國人并非虔誠信徒，只是假裝皈依。然而，他們的子女卻被灌輸了基督教的思想。
2.新皈依基督教的人是原教旨主義者，他們看不起并通過各種方式顛覆現(xiàn)有的韓國文化和佛教。
3.大多數(shù)韓國佛教徒是世俗化的，他們不試圖改變他人信仰。
4.韓國的佛教僧侶組織松散且腐敗。

評(píng)論翻譯

Connie Arnold
Christianity came in force to Korea back in the 19th century. The Catholic Church had a long, successful history in Korea - beginning with Korea’s famous King Sejong back in the 15th century. This led to many conversions - including the nobility. Then one of the Korean kings (quick summary here - I’m forgetting the details) decided that Christians were dangerous, so executed a huge number. (Korea has one of the largest numbers of Catholic saints of nations outside Europe for this reason.)

基督教在19世紀(jì)大規(guī)模傳入韓國。天主教會(huì)在韓國有著悠久而成功的歷史 - 起源于韓國著名的世宗大王，可以追溯到15世紀(jì)。這導(dǎo)致許多人皈依基督教，包括貴族階層。然后，一個(gè)韓國國王（這里簡單總結(jié)一下 - 我忘了細(xì)節(jié)）決定基督徒是危險(xiǎn)的，于是處決了大量信徒。（因此，韓國有歐洲以外國家中擁有最多天主教圣人的國家之一。）

That terrible event hurt conversions to Christianity for some time, but later in the 19th c., Protestant missionaries arrived, mostly from the US. Among other things, they opened universities - and opened them to women, definitely a ‘revolution’ in conservative, male-dominated Korea, where women had no rights and were rarely educated. They also spearheaded the opposition to Japan’s occupation of Korea 1910–45, which gave them much prestige in Korea. (Most, if not all, of South Korea’s presidents have been Protestants.)

那場(chǎng)可怕的事件對(duì)基督教的傳播造成了一段時(shí)間的傷害，但后來在19世紀(jì)，大多數(shù)來自美國的新教傳教士抵達(dá)韓國。除其他事情外，他們開辦了大學(xué) - 并向女性開放了這些大學(xué)，這在保守、男性主導(dǎo)的韓國絕對(duì)算是一場(chǎng)“革命”，在那里婦女沒有權(quán)利，也極少接受教育。他們還率先反對(duì)日本1910年至1945年對(duì)韓國的占領(lǐng)，這在韓國贏得了很高的聲譽(yù)。（韓國大多數(shù)，如果不是全部，總統(tǒng)都是基督徒。）

The focus of much Protestantism is the notion of the ‘Elect’ - those who are predestined to ‘succeed’ in some way (or, alternatively, condemned to damnation). Plus material success indicates spiritual favor. (One’s outward success indicated that God favoured you.) In addition, the close church congregations appeal to many Koreans as extended ‘families,’ and of a particularly practical sort - people to whom you would bring your business, and people from whom you would obtain business. (I saw this in South Korea as a teacher at various private schools. Many of the children attending were members of the school owners’ Protestant congregations, and did ‘business’ with us, while the school owners did any ‘business’ with other members of these congregations.)

許多新教教派的焦點(diǎn)是“揀選者”的概念 - 那些被預(yù)定以某種方式“成功”（或者相反，被注定遭受詛咒）。此外，物質(zhì)上的成功表明了屬靈上的青睞（一個(gè)人外在的成功表明上帝眷顧你）。此外，親近的教會(huì)團(tuán)體對(duì)許多韓國人來說吸引人，它們就像延伸的“家庭”，一種特別實(shí)用的類型 - 你會(huì)把自己的生意帶給這些人，也會(huì)從他們那里得到生意。我在韓國的私立學(xué)校任教時(shí)看到過這種情況。許多上學(xué)的孩子是學(xué)校所有者基督教團(tuán)體的成員，并與我們做“生意”，而學(xué)校所有者則與這些團(tuán)體的其他成員做“生意”。

South Koreans came to associate Protestantism in particular with financial success. And Protestant denominations that focus on the family have done particularly well. An example is the Mormons, whose focus on genealogy dovetails neatly into Confucian focus on family and ancestors.
The religious division percents that I’ve seen for Korea have probably changed a bit - but it used to be more than 30% Protestants, under 30% Buddhist, perhaps 15–20% Catholic, with the rest unaffiliated.

韓國人開始將新教特別與財(cái)務(wù)成功聯(lián)系在一起。關(guān)注家庭的新教教派尤為成功。一個(gè)例子是摩門教徒，他們關(guān)注家譜與儒家關(guān)注家庭和祖先的理念完美契合。
我所見過的韓國宗教分布百分比可能有所變化 - 但過去新教徒超過30%，佛教徒不到30%，天主教徒大約15-20%，其余人沒有宗教信仰。

Sena Im
From my own family experience the only place for miles that gave aid during then Korean War and afterwards were churches. My grandmother would walk for at least 6 hours to reach a church at age 12 and plead for mixed grains to feed her family. Many times there were times that she came too late so for that night her family would eat less but still it was a lifeline.
My grandmother became a christian after she had seen so much death and hopelessness so in many ways being a christian gave her strength to survive. She made through so many obstacles and I think without religion she wouldn’t have as much hope for the future.

根據(jù)我家人的經(jīng)歷，在韓戰(zhàn)期間以及之后，只有教堂是唯一一片提供援助的地方。我祖母12歲時(shí)要走至少6個(gè)小時(shí)才能到達(dá)一個(gè)教堂，請(qǐng)求混合谷物來養(yǎng)活她的家人。很多時(shí)候她來得太晚了，所以那個(gè)晚上她的家人會(huì)吃得更少，但這仍然是他們的救命稻草。
我的祖母在經(jīng)歷了那么多死亡和絕望之后成為了基督徒，所以從很多方面來說，信仰給了她生存的力量。她度過了許多困難，我認(rèn)為如果沒有宗教，她對(duì)未來的希望就不會(huì)這么大。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Ken Eckert
For many centuries, Korea was a mix of neo-Confucian and Buddhist practices. Up to the 19th century, when Korea was xenophobic and hostile to outside influences, Christians and western missionaries were actively persecuted.

幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，韓國是儒家思想和佛教實(shí)踐的混合體。直到19世紀(jì)，當(dāng)韓國對(duì)外界影響心存恐懼和敵意時(shí)，基督徒和西方傳教士受到了積極的迫害。

Christianity, by nature, addresses itself to the downtrodden and not elites. It became popular with the peasant classes in Korea. In the 20th century the power elites of Korea were swept away by the Japanese colonists, but the Japanese in turn suppressed Christianity as a western influence. After WWII the Confucian/Buddhist royalty and the Japanese were gone, making Christianity both openly possible and an act of defiance against the hated colonizers.

基督教本身是關(guān)注被壓迫者而非精英階層的。在韓國，它在農(nóng)民階層中變得流行起來。在20世紀(jì)，韓國的權(quán)力精英被日本殖民者推翻，但日本人反過來壓制基督教作為一種西方影響力。二戰(zhàn)后，儒家/佛教的王室和日本人消失了，使得基督教在韓國得以公開存在，并成為對(duì)所憎恨的殖民者的抗?fàn)幮袨椤?/b>

Note that Confucianism is not technically a religion; it is a philosophy. Many Korean Christians still retain somewhat of a neo-Confucian mindset and have no problem accommodating the two mindsets.

需要注意的是，儒教并非嚴(yán)格意義上的宗教，而是一種哲學(xué)思想。許多韓國基督徒仍然保持著某種儒家思維模式，并且能夠同時(shí)容納這兩種思維方式。

Tommy Einst
Because Koreans are very interested in the God or a god.
I mean Koreans tend to fall for religion compare with other Asians. For example, Chinese and Japanese immigrants tend to establish their own country’s restaurants first, and you can see many Chinese and Japanese restaurants in the US and Canada. However, Korean immigrants establish Christian Church first. There are so many Korean Christianity churches in North America and most of Korean immigrants gather in the Korean churches and associates together in the churches when Chinese and Japanese gather around in their countries restaurants.

因?yàn)轫n國人對(duì)上帝或神非常感興趣。
我是說相比其他亞洲人，韓國人更傾向于信仰宗教。例如，中國和日本移民往往首先建立自己國家的餐館，在美國和加拿大你可以看到許多中國和日本餐館。然而，韓國移民首先建立基督教教堂。在北美有很多韓國基督教教堂，大多數(shù)韓國移民會(huì)在韓國教堂聚集，并在教堂中結(jié)交朋友，而中國人和日本人則在他們的國家餐館聚集。

I guess it is a nature of the race. Koreans tend to believe in a supreme being.
It can be the God or a god. One out of four South Koreans believe in the God whereas all of North Koreans believe in a god.
I don’t know why Koreans have tendency to fall for religions, but I think it is their nature of race.

我猜這是種族的本性。韓國人傾向于相信至高無上的存在。
這個(gè)可以是上帝或神。四分之一的韓國人相信上帝，而所有的朝鮮人則相信神。
我不知道為什么韓國人有信仰宗教的傾向，但我認(rèn)為這是他們種族的本性。

Pat Hedden
Christian missionaries established modern educational institutions that eventually became #2 ranked Yonsei University and highly regarded Ewha Womans University. Foreign missionaries and Korean Christians were leaders in the resistance movement against Japan’s colonial occupation of Korea. The Underwood family, founders of Yonsei University, remained in Korea during the occupation and suffered persecution by the Japanese along with their Korean compatriots. The daughter-in-law of the pioneering missionary Horace Underwood was assassinated by com...sts during the turbulent early period between the end of WWII and the Korean War. The contributions and sacrifices of foreign missionaries and Korean Christians helped the religion gain a strong foothold in Korean society.

基督教傳教士建立了現(xiàn)代教育機(jī)構(gòu)，最終成為排名第二的延世大學(xué)和備受推崇的梨花女子大學(xué)。外國傳教士和韓國基督徒是抵抗日本對(duì)朝鮮殖民占領(lǐng)的抵抗運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。延世大學(xué)創(chuàng)始人安得烈家族在占領(lǐng)期間留在韓國，并與他們的韓國同胞一起遭受了日本人的迫害。先驅(qū)傳教士霍勒斯·安德伍德的兒媳在二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束和朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭開始之間的動(dòng)蕩早期時(shí)期被**黨暗殺。外國傳教士和韓國基督徒的貢獻(xiàn)和犧牲幫助基督教在韓國社會(huì)獲得了堅(jiān)實(shí)的立足點(diǎn)。

Paul Kellner
This may come as a shock to some people, but the Christian core of Korea was North Korea under the Japanese. Many Koreans in the US, especially the Korean Christians, originated in and fled from North Korea. My Korean pastor received his theological training in Pyongyang. At that time South Korea was largely under more Buddhist influence.

這可能對(duì)某些人來說是個(gè)震驚，但韓國的基督教核心是在日本統(tǒng)治下的朝鮮。許多在美國的韓國人，特別是韓國基督徒，起源于并逃離了朝鮮。我的韓國牧師在平壤接受了他的神學(xué)培訓(xùn)。那時(shí)候，南韓在很大程度上受到更多佛教影響。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

One of the aspects of church life in the older generations of Korean Christians is morning prayer. This means getting up at 5AM every day and going to a meeting place and praying together. This I believe is one of the key elements to the growth of the Church in Korea and Koreans propagating Christianity throughout the world.

韓國基督徒老一代的教會(huì)生活之一是晨禱。這意味著每天早上5點(diǎn)起床去一個(gè)集合地點(diǎn)一起禱告。我相信這是韓國教會(huì)發(fā)展和韓國人在全球傳播基督教的關(guān)鍵因素之一。

The freedom to propagate Christianity has not historically been great in Korea. In fact in the current climate of freedom in the South Christianity is in some ways deteriorating as materialism takes over as it does in many other places in the world.

在韓國歷史上，傳播基督教的自由并不十分廣泛。事實(shí)上，在目前南韓自由氛圍下，基督教在某種程度上正在惡化，因?yàn)槲镔|(zhì)主義在世界上許多其他地方也同樣占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。

Randy McDonald
Christianity has been so successful in Korea in part because, in the 20th century, Christianity and Christians played a critical role in the country's modernization. Western missionaries played a major role in establishing a prestigious modern Korean education system, for instance, while Christianity was a religion often embraced by Korean nationalists protesting Japanese rule. If Korea had a different history, avoiding Japanese colonization altogether or avoiding it to a late date, Christianity could never have acquired the prestige and popularity that it did.

基督教在韓國取得如此成功的部分原因在于，20世紀(jì)時(shí)，基督教和基督徒在韓國的現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。例如，西方傳教士在建立聲譽(yù)卓著的現(xiàn)代韓國教育體系中起到了重要作用，而基督教則是韓國民族主義者抗議日本統(tǒng)治時(shí)經(jīng)常接受的宗教。如果韓國有不同的歷史，完全避免了日本殖民統(tǒng)治或者延遲了殖民統(tǒng)治的發(fā)生，基督教可能永遠(yuǎn)無法獲得它所擁有的聲譽(yù)和受歡迎程度。

Alec Cawley
I doubt that it is the western-ness of Christianity that attracts. It is entirely reasonable that the basic message of Christianity is as attractive to humanity as it has been to many others over the last 2000 years. Christianity succeeded because it appealed to common human needs. Which means that the community aspect may well be relevant. Most religions offer, and exploit, the feeling of communality offered by shared rituals and shared beliefs.

我懷疑是基督教的西方性吸引了人們?；浇痰幕拘畔?duì)人類同樣具有吸引力，就像在過去2000年中對(duì)許多人一樣。基督教之所以成功，是因?yàn)樗巳祟惖墓餐枨蟆＿@意味著社區(qū)的方面可能是相關(guān)的。大多數(shù)宗教提供并利用了通過共享儀式和共享信念提供的共同感的感覺。

Eng Siong Tan
Normally, I would try to dodge these questions but this is my first request from Habib Fanny so let me do my best.
Short answer: Nobody knows.

通常情況下，我會(huì)盡量回避這些問題，但這是我第一次接到來自Habib Fanny的請(qǐng)求，所以讓我盡力而為。
簡短回答：沒有人知道。

Long answer: The better question would be why South Korea is home to a large number of mega churches. That question has better answers because there are a large number of books written on this topic. (Some are even written by the pastors who head the churches themselves.)

詳細(xì)回答：更好的問題應(yīng)該是為什么韓國擁有大量的大教會(huì)。這個(gè)問題有更好的答案，因?yàn)殛P(guān)于這個(gè)話題有很多書籍寫就。（甚至有一些是由主持這些教會(huì)的牧師們親自撰寫的。）

1.Targeted outreach: There is no single message that appeals to everyone. All the biblical lessons must be contextualize for their target audience.
2.Small pastoral community: Nobody wants to be treated as a stranger. It helps if the church can be further broken down to smaller community that people can know and support each other.
3.Faithful followers: Some focus on regular prayer. Others on sacrificial giving.
The actual list is longer as there are several books written.

1.有針對(duì)性的宣傳：沒有一條單一的信息適合所有人。所有圣經(jīng)的教義必須為他們的目標(biāo)聽眾進(jìn)行情境化。
2.小型牧養(yǎng)社區(qū)：沒有人想被當(dāng)作陌生人。如果教會(huì)可以進(jìn)一步分解成小的社區(qū)，那么人們就可以相互了解和支持。
3.忠實(shí)的信徒：有些人注重定期祈禱，有些人則注重奉獻(xiàn)。實(shí)際名單還更長，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)有好幾本書寫成。

So the trick would be the adoption of best practises, right? But people tend to have their personal biases so they will favour their pet theories. But we have some wonderful overseas missionaries who will visit from time to time to share their wisdom. Again there is a risk of adopting pet theories. (You can forget about asking for a refund.) There is also a risk that the leader of the church fall for their own hype or bias.

因此，訣竅將是采用最佳實(shí)踐，對(duì)吧？但人們往往有自己的個(gè)人偏見，所以他們會(huì)偏愛自己喜歡的理論。但我們有一些出色的海外傳教士，他們時(shí)不時(shí)會(huì)來分享他們的智慧。再一次采用個(gè)人理論的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。（別指望要求退款。）還有一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，就是教會(huì)的領(lǐng)袖陷入自己的炒作或偏見中。

If the answer is sounding like some typical business consultancy case study, you can now understand my position on success stories. There are no silver bullets. If you do not believe me, you can always buy the book.

如果這個(gè)答案聽起來像某種典型的商業(yè)咨詢案例研究，現(xiàn)在你可以理解我對(duì)成功故事的看法了。沒有銀彈。如果你不相信我，你可以隨時(shí)買本書。

This answer is not to bash churches but to explain the difficulties of life in general. Nobody has all the best ideas. You will have to experiment. You must be able to recover from your mistakes. People will come, people will go (This applies to theories too). When you succeed, people will be able to write anything about your success.

這個(gè)答案并不是要抨擊教會(huì)，而是解釋生活中的困難。沒有人擁有所有的最佳主意。你必須進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。你必須能夠從錯(cuò)誤中恢復(fù)過來。人會(huì)來，人會(huì)走（這也適用于理論）。當(dāng)你成功時(shí)，人們就可以寫關(guān)于你成功的任何事情。

Howard
After Korean War, missionaries flocked into Korean peninsula. The very first president was Christian too. I think it became popular mainly because they realized their previous belief was wrong after continuous war and colonization. They turned into different belief which basically opened their door to new way of life. And yes, many Koreans attribute their economic success to protestantvirtues such as diligence, believing in the fact that God will pave the way even in the midst of hardships and etc. I think it is kind of similar how Germans attribute their success to protestantism. Even the very first modern hospital was established by missionary (Scott field from University of Toronto). Even their national anthem chants about how God protects its country. So yes South Korea is very Christian dominated country and many Koreans think it was the way to drive Confucianism away.

韓國戰(zhàn)后迎來了大量的傳教士。第一任韓國總統(tǒng)也是基督徒。我認(rèn)為韓國基督教盛行的主要原因在于人們意識(shí)到他們之前的信仰在持續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭和殖民統(tǒng)治后是錯(cuò)誤的。他們轉(zhuǎn)向了一種不同的信仰，基本上打開了他們走向新生活的大門。許多韓國人將他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)成功歸功于基督教的美德，比如勤奮工作，相信上帝會(huì)在困境中開辟道路等等。我認(rèn)為這有點(diǎn)類似于德國人將他們的成功歸因于新教。甚至韓國的第一家現(xiàn)代醫(yī)院也是由來自多倫多大學(xué)的傳教士Scott Field建立的。他們的國歌也唱出上帝保佑國家的情感。因此，許多韓國人認(rèn)為，基督教是趕走儒家思想的途徑。

Rusty J Shackleford
Because the Japanese tried to impose the Japanese religion and culture on them. Many cultures which were colonized or oppressed by Confucians, Buddhists, Hindus, Musli... and other eastern religions embraced Christianity out of resistance. People don’t understand this and think it’s all western influence when that isn’t the case.

日本試圖向他們強(qiáng)加日本宗教和文化。許多被儒家、佛教徒、印度教徒、穆斯林和其他東方宗教殖民或壓迫的文化，出于抵抗而接受了基督教。人們不理解這一點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為一切都是西方的影響，而事實(shí)并非如此。

Sihoo Park
The Korean War left South Korea in ruins. There was stsrving people left and right. People were getting by with rations from the government. It was not the best place, to say the least, to live.

朝鮮戰(zhàn)爭讓韓國陷入了一片廢墟。人們餓得慌，到處都是饑餓的人。人們依靠政府的口糧勉強(qiáng)糊口?？梢哉f，這并不是一個(gè)理想的生活環(huán)境。

After the war, the US army came into korea. They spread Christianity. The korean people adapted it very well because of the war. You're hungry, you've lost your home, and half of the country's in ruins. Suddenly, a guy tells you that there's heaven for you if you belive in this “God". Most people will quickly become Christians. Christianity gave them the promise that they will be rewarded if they work hard.

戰(zhàn)后，美國軍隊(duì)進(jìn)入了韓國。他們傳播基督教。由于戰(zhàn)爭的影響，韓國人非?？焖俚亟邮芰嘶浇?。你饑腸轆轆，失去了家園，半個(gè)國家都是廢墟。突然，有人告訴你，如果你相信這個(gè)“上帝”，你會(huì)得到天堂。大多數(shù)人會(huì)迅速成為基督徒?；浇探o了他們一個(gè)承諾，即如果他們努力工作，就會(huì)得到回報(bào)。

Angela Bae
Long ago, lots of missionsarys came to korea. But actully, it was not Christian missionsry, it was Catholic missionarys. But I think Koreans got influenced by Catholic missionrays and then, they step by steply knew and learned about chrtitantiy. For details, there is also lots of buddhism in Korea because it is there traditional religion.

很久以前，許多傳教士來到韓國。但事實(shí)上，最早來的是天主教傳教士，而不是基督教傳教士。但我認(rèn)為韓國人受到了天主教傳教士的影響，然后逐步了解和學(xué)習(xí)了基督教。此外，韓國也有很多佛教因?yàn)檫@是他們的傳統(tǒng)宗教。

基督教 韓國

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