中國高鐵技術(shù)有哪些優(yōu)點和缺點？為什么沒有更多的國家采用它？網(wǎng)友：中國的高鐵是世界上最先進的。比德國和日本的任何高鐵都先進

What are the benefits and drawbacks of China's high speed rail technology? Why haven't more countries adopted it?

2024-02-05 驛路遛馬 10596 21 18 收藏糾錯&舉報

譯文簡介

網(wǎng)友：這就是為什么高速鐵路在西方從未真正流行起來的原因。是的，在大國家中有一些運行良好的線路，但沒有急于建設(shè)超越此范圍的任何線路，因為我們知道它不會起作用......

正文翻譯

這就是為什么高速鐵路在西方從未真正流行起來的原因。是的，在大國家中有一些運行良好的線路，但沒有急于建設(shè)超越此范圍的任何線路，因為我們知道它不會起作用。它行不通。日本的地理位置獨特，是一個龐大而狹長的國家，人口主要集中在一系列狹長城市中。如果把日本列島放在歐洲上，它們將從葡萄牙一直延伸到荷蘭；這就是為什么這個國家特別適合高速鐵路的原因，這也是為什么在中國建設(shè)自己的高鐵網(wǎng)絡(luò)之前，日本擁有最大的高鐵網(wǎng)絡(luò)的原因。

評論翻譯

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam
China's HSR is solely as a result of DEMAND

中國的高鐵完全是基于實際需求

It's a demand-oriented development, and that is why it has been able to expand so well across such a large operating distance

這是一種以需求為導(dǎo)向的發(fā)展，這就是為什么它能夠在如此廣闊的運營距離內(nèi)取得如此良好的擴張

Its scale is so large now that it is running at optimum financial efficiency, and though it's losing money, its intangible benefits significantly more than make up for the losses

它的規(guī)模如此之大，它正在以最佳的財務(wù)效率運轉(zhuǎn)，盡管它正在虧損，但其無形收益遠遠彌補了損失。

In other countries - HSR doesn't have active demand (Apart from Japan)

在其他國家，高鐵沒有積極的需求（除了日本）

The US has all those Airports and Highways and Expressways
India has too many poor people for at least another 25–30 years
Europe has a lovely nice railway network and doesn't need HSR because frankly it's a quaint place with historical significance rather than a bustling commercial hub
Russia has too few people
Africa is poorer than India is
The Middle East is perfect because they are too rich to be bothered about the financial efficiency of the project
China thus needed the HSR because it was China's time.

美國有那么多機場和高速公路
印度至少還有25-30年會有太多的貧困人口
歐洲有一個可愛的鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)，不需要高鐵，因為坦白地說，它是一個有歷史意義而不是繁華商業(yè)中心的古雅之地
俄羅斯人口太少
非洲比印度更貧困
中東是完美的，因為他們太富有，不會為項目的財務(wù)效益而煩惱
因此，中國需要高鐵是因為這是中國的當(dāng)前所需。

The people had risen to that economic level with around 33% Middle Class (2007)
Its manufacturing ability was superb
Its industry was top-notch
It could create a power infrastructure second to none for running the HSR and a supply chain at the lowest prices
Only the Middle East, India, and Nigeria have the sufficient potential to sustain a High-Speed Railway line

中國人民已經(jīng)達到了大約33%的中產(chǎn)階級（2007年）的經(jīng)濟水平
它的制造能力是一流的
它的工業(yè)水平一流
它能夠為運行高鐵創(chuàng)造一流的電力基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和最低價格的供應(yīng)鏈
只有中東、印度和尼日利亞有足夠的潛力維持高速鐵路線

The Middle East can do it today
India simply cannot afford one until 2032–2034 at the earliest, and the present Bullet Train or Vande Bharat are Joker versions of what could be a major success
Nigeria?
Maybe 2045 at the earliest

中東今天就能做到
印度最早要到2032-2034年才能負擔(dān)得起，而現(xiàn)在的子彈列車或印度之光只是可能取得重大成功版本的小丑
尼日利亞？
最早可能是2045年

Tillman Huett-Lassman
Related

相關(guān)討論

How advanced is high-speed rail in China?

中國的高鐵技術(shù)有多先進？

I had my first opportunity to ride the high-speed trains last week when I had a business meeting in Zhengzhou.

我上周在鄭州參加商務(wù)會議時，有了第一次乘坐高鐵的機會。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

As someone who grew up with a disdain for public transportation (not sure why the US hates it so much), I was dreading the experience. I pushed hard to fly, but was told that it would be much better if I took the train.

作為一個對于公共交通方面有些不屑的人（不確定為什么美國這么討厭它），我很害怕這次經(jīng)歷。我極力要求選擇飛行，但被告知如果我坐火車會好得多。

The train was amazing. I had traveled on an Amtrak train before in the US, and hated how slow it was and how many stops there were. Chinese high-speed trains are on a different level.

這列火車太神奇了。我之前在美國乘坐過Amtrak火車，它的速度慢以及?？空军c太多讓我很無語。而中國的高鐵水平不同。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

First, when I say they are high-speed, I mean they are high-speed.

首先，當(dāng)我說它們是高速時，我的意思是它們真的很高速。

The trains are clean and the seats are huge. There are ample power outlets and you can’t even feel how fast the train is moving. If there were no windows, I wouldn’t be able to tell when we were stopped or when we were traveling at 300 km/h—it is that smooth.

火車很干凈，座位很大。有充足的電源插座，你甚至感覺不到火車有多快。如果沒有窗戶，我甚至無法分辨我們何時停下來，何時以300公里/小時的速度行駛——它就是這么平穩(wěn)。

My train wasn’t full, so on the ride back, I had an entire row to myself. You can use your cellphone on the train (looking at you Chinese flights—you need to learn from the trains) and you generally have full service.

我乘坐的列車沒有坐滿，所以在回程時，我擁有了整整一排的座位。你可以在火車上使用手機（看看你們中國的飛機——你們需要向火車學(xué)習(xí)），而且通?？梢垣@得全方位的服務(wù)。

The trains are very advanced, and the stations are new. The terminal in Zhengzhou looked like you could fit a million people in it even though it isn’t a Tier-1 city. It had shops and a food court, and the trains would silently pull in and out of the station perfectly on schedule.

這些火車非常先進，車站也很新。鄭州的終點站看起來可以容納百萬人，即使它不是一線城市。那里有商店和美食廣場，火車會在車站內(nèi)完美地按時靜悄悄地進出。

I’m traveling again this week by train and I’m excited.

我本周將再次乘火車旅行，我感到很興奮。

The high-speed trains are incredible.

這些高鐵真是令人難以置信。

Nathan James
Related

相關(guān)討論

Why has China's high-speed railway system developed so successfully? How advanced are China's high-speed trains?

中國的高鐵系統(tǒng)為什么能夠成功發(fā)展？中國的高鐵有多先進？

China’s HSR is the most advanced in the world. More advanced than anything the Germans and Japanese have.

中國的高鐵是世界上最先進的。比德國和日本的任何東西都先進。

China has the world’s largest HSR network, over 40,000 km worth.

中國擁有全球最大的高鐵網(wǎng)絡(luò)，超過40,000公里。

China developed its HSR quickly and successfully because:

中國之所以能夠快速而成功地發(fā)展其高鐵，是因為：

China was totally committed to doing so. It was one of China’s top priorities. So it was well-funded and well-planned.

中國全身心的投入在做。這是中國的首要任務(wù)之一。因此，它得到了充分的資金支持和周密的計劃。

China faced no obstacles nor opposition because it was in total control. That means no red tape, no bureaucracy, no regulations, no unxs. China could push it through easily.

在建設(shè)過程中沒有面臨任何障礙或反對，因為它完全可控。這意味著沒有繁文縟節(jié)，沒有官僚主義，沒有法規(guī)，沒有工會。中國能夠輕松推進。

The Chinese were extremely innovative and inventive. China’s infrastructure engineering is second to none in the world.

中國人極具創(chuàng)新精神和創(chuàng)造力。中國的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施工程在世界上無與倫比。

China was in need of HSR. Other forms of transportation were inadequate to meet the needs of 1.4 billion people spread out over a vast geographical area.

中國需要高鐵。其他形式的交通無法滿足分布在廣闊地理區(qū)域內(nèi)的14億人口的需求。

China saw HSR as a public good, not a profit center. Western countries won’t focus on HSR unless it’s profitable.

中國將高鐵視為一種公共利益，而不是利潤中心。西方國家不會關(guān)注高鐵，除非它有利可圖。

Toma? Vargazon
Related

相關(guān)討論

How profitable is China's high-speed rail?

中國的高鐵有多賺錢？
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

Well, let’s put it this way.

好吧，讓我們這樣說。

Chinese high-speed rail network

中國的高速鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)

Out of 31 lines in operation:

運營中的31條線中：
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

5 are able to cover all the costs: operating costs, interest on loans, and will eventually repay the principal to turn a profit.

5條能夠覆蓋所有成本：運營成本、貸款利息，并最終償還本金以實現(xiàn)盈利。

4 are able to cover operating costs and interest on loans but aren’t able to make a dent on the principal. These will never turn a profit.

4條能夠支付運營成本和貸款利息，但無法還本。這些線路永遠不會盈利。

11 are able to cover operating costs but aren’t able to make payments on their loans of any sort; their debts are just growing into infinity, but at least they can operate without constant outside support.

11條能夠支付運營成本，但無法償還任何貸款；它們的債務(wù)只是不斷增加，但至少它們可以在沒有持續(xù)外部支持的情況下運營。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

11 are unable to cover operating costs and need constant financial support just to stay open.

11條無法支付運營成本，需要不斷的財政支持才能維持運營。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

In other words, what is this “profitability” you speak of? The project was an utter disaster, financially speaking.

換句話說，你所說的“盈利能力”是什么？從財務(wù)角度來看，這個項目是一場徹底的災(zāi)難。

High-speed rail is only really great for trips longer than about 300 km, but shorter than 600 km. It needs to compete against regular rail at trips shorter than 300 km, but remains somewhat competitive to about 200 km, below which it unequivocally loses. Above 600 km planes come to the fore, and high-speed rail is competitive but not better than planes only to about 800 km. Beyond that distance, the plane is the better option.

高速鐵路在大約300公里以上但短于600公里的旅行中表現(xiàn)得非常出色。在短于300公里的旅行中，它需要與常規(guī)鐵路競爭，但在大約200公里左右仍然具有競爭力，在此范圍內(nèi)它毫無疑問會失敗。超過600公里，飛機成為主流，高速鐵路在這個距離是有競爭力的，但在800公里左右的范圍內(nèi)并不比飛機更好。在那之后的距離，飛機是更好的選擇。

In other words, high-speed rail is only really suitable for trips between 300 and 600 km. You can make do with somewhat shorter and somewhat longer routes, but it will struggle beyond that rather narrow array of possible routes. These numbers all have error bars to them, of course; there is a gray area in between, but the dividing lines aren’t far from what I wrote.

換句話說，高鐵只適合300到600公里的旅程。稍短或稍長的路線也可以勉強適用，但超出這個相對狹窄的范圍就會面臨困難。當(dāng)然，這些數(shù)字都有一定的誤差范圍；中間存在一些灰色地帶，但分界線與我所寫的差不多。

The great problem with high-speed rail is infrastructure: rail lines need to be built and maintained, but can’t be used for other traffic. Regular rail can be used to carry freight as well as people; construction and maintenance costs are spread more widely that way. Planes need comparatively little infrastructure—two airports and a system of air traffic control to guide them—the atmosphere takes care of the rest. You can also add or remove routes between any two existing routes at your leisure. Planes are similar to ships in that regard; rail doesn’t have the same luxury.

高速鐵路的主要問題在于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施：鐵路需要建設(shè)和維護，但不能用于其他交通。常規(guī)鐵路可以用于貨物和人的運輸；這樣可以更廣泛地分攤建設(shè)和維護成本。飛機需要相對較少的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施——兩個機場和一個引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)——大氣層負責(zé)其余的部分。你還可以隨意添加或刪除任何兩個現(xiàn)有路線之間的路線。在這方面，飛機類似于船只；鐵路沒有同樣的基礎(chǔ)條件。

This is why high-speed rail never really caught on in the West. Yes, there are a few lines that do work in large countries, but there’s no rush to build anything beyond that because we know it won’t work. It can’t work. Japan has a unique geography in that it’s an enormous and stretched country, with a large population mostly centered in a long line of major cities. The Japanese islands would stretch from Portugal to the Netherlands if placed over Europe; that’s why the country is uniquely well-suited for high-speed rail, and that’s why Japan had the largest high-speed rail network until China built their own.

這就是為什么高速鐵路在西方從未真正流行起來的原因。是的，在大國家中有一些運行良好的線路，但沒有急于建設(shè)超越此范圍的任何線路，因為我們知道它不會起作用。它行不通。日本的地理位置獨特，是一個龐大而狹長的國家，人口主要集中在一系列狹長城市中。如果把日本列島放在歐洲上，它們將從葡萄牙一直延伸到荷蘭；這就是為什么這個國家特別適合高速鐵路的原因，這也是為什么在中國建設(shè)自己的高鐵網(wǎng)絡(luò)之前，日本擁有最大的高鐵網(wǎng)絡(luò)的原因。

For most of the others high speed rail can only serve a few specific niches, as China is now discovering.

對于大多數(shù)其他情況，高鐵只能為一些特定的領(lǐng)域提供服務(wù)，中國現(xiàn)在也發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一點。

中國高鐵 技術(shù) 優(yōu)點 缺點

很贊 ( 18 )

中國高鐵技術(shù)有哪些優(yōu)點和缺點？為什么沒有更多的國家采用它？網(wǎng)友：中國的高鐵是世界上最先進的。比德國和日本的任何高鐵都先進

中國高鐵技術(shù)有哪些優(yōu)點和缺點？為什么沒有更多的國家采用它？網(wǎng)友：中國的高鐵是世界上最先進的。比德國和日本的任何高鐵都先進