在學(xué)習(xí)加拿大歷史的過程中，你學(xué)到了什么讓你驚訝的東西?

Stephen Encarnacao
A name that most Americans would not know is the late, great Tommy Douglas.
The late Tommy Douglas, in a CBC national poll, was named “The Greatest Canadian.” The honor was bestowed upon him because of his leadership in enacting Canada’s universal healtcare. Douglas passionately believed that every Canadian deserved the right to have quality health care, regardless of their economic or social situation.
As Premier of Saskatchewan he enacted the first provincial medicare plan and as leader of the federal NDP though never Prime Minister, he was the emotional and intellectual leader in a national Medicare plan being adopted in 1966.
Another historical tidbit about Douglas, he was the father in law of actor Donald Sutherland and grandfather of actor Kiefer Sutherland.

一個(gè)大多數(shù)美國人都不知道的名字是已故的，偉大的湯米·道格拉斯。
已故的湯米·道格拉斯在加拿大廣播公司的一項(xiàng)全國民意調(diào)查中被評(píng)為“最偉大的加拿大人”。這一榮譽(yù)是由于他在制定加拿大全民醫(yī)療保健方面的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用而授予他的。道格拉斯堅(jiān)信，無論經(jīng)濟(jì)或社會(huì)狀況如何，每個(gè)加拿大人都應(yīng)該享有高質(zhì)量醫(yī)療保健的權(quán)利。
作為薩斯喀徹溫省總理，他頒布了第一個(gè)省級(jí)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃，作為聯(lián)邦新民主黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，盡管他從未擔(dān)任過總理，但他是1966年通過的國家醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃的情感和智力領(lǐng)袖。
關(guān)于道格拉斯的另一個(gè)歷史趣聞，他是演員唐納德·薩瑟蘭的岳父，也是演員基弗·薩瑟蘭（Kiefer Sutherland）的祖父。

Colm Ryan
What is the most surprising thing you learned studying the history of Ireland?
It surprised me to learn that one of the greatest devastations of Ireland was caused (somewhat) by the Scots and not (bad enough though they were), the English.
In 1315, Edward Bruce invaded Ireland, driving deep into the country in an effort to thwart Anglo-Norman power. The invasion coincided with a devastating crop failure and the subsequent food shortage ignited a massive wave of lawlessness among the fighting parties. Farms and towns were pillaged, burned and looted. Animals were seized and slaughtered by hungry marauding soldiers. Thousands of people died in their droves. The Bruce campaign eventually ended in failure, when the Scottish army was routed at the battle of Faughart in 1318.
The Bruce devastations were so traumatic to Ireland that large areas of agricultural land lay fallow for decades afterwards. Pollen analysis has shown that grass pollen gave way to hazel and birch, which in turn gave way to forest trees like elm and oak.
It did not help that, just as the country was recovering, another huge wave of death and misery broke over Ireland in the guise of the Black Death in 1348.
English influence in Ireland withered away until just small parts of the country were under English influence or control. Rural Ireland was a country of extensive forests and small-scale subsistence farming, right up to the 17th Century.

在學(xué)習(xí)愛爾蘭歷史的過程中，最讓你驚訝的事情是什么?
令我驚訝的是，愛爾蘭最大的災(zāi)難之一是由蘇格蘭人(在某種程度上)造成的，而不是(盡管他們已經(jīng)夠糟糕了)英格蘭人造成的。
1315年，愛德華·布魯斯入侵愛爾蘭，深入該國，試圖挫敗盎格魯-諾曼人的力量。入侵恰逢毀滅性的作物歉收，隨后的糧食短缺在交戰(zhàn)各方中引發(fā)了大規(guī)模的無法無天的浪潮，農(nóng)場(chǎng)和城鎮(zhèn)被掠奪、焚燒和搶劫。動(dòng)物被饑腸轆轆的劫掠士兵抓來屠殺，成千上萬的人成群結(jié)隊(duì)地死去。布魯斯的戰(zhàn)役最終以失敗告終，蘇格蘭軍隊(duì)在1318年的哈特之戰(zhàn)中潰敗。
布魯斯的破壞給愛爾蘭帶來了巨大的創(chuàng)傷，大片的農(nóng)業(yè)用地在之后的幾十年里都處于休耕狀態(tài)?；ǚ鄯治霰砻?，花粉分析表明，草花粉讓位于榛子和樺樹，而榛子和樺樹又讓位于榆樹和橡樹等森林樹木。
更糟糕的是，正當(dāng)愛爾蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇之時(shí)，1348年，另一場(chǎng)巨大的死亡和痛苦浪潮以黑死病的名義席卷了愛爾蘭。
在愛爾蘭，英格蘭的影響逐漸消失，直到只有該國的一小部分受到英格蘭的影響或控制。直到17世紀(jì)，農(nóng)村愛爾蘭一直是一個(gè)擁有廣闊森林和小規(guī)模自給自足農(nóng)業(yè)的國家。

Ken Westmoreland
What is the most surprising thing you learned studying the history of Ireland?
That Sinn Féin, which now describes itself as a republican party, originally advocated a dual monarchy between Ireland and Britain, under which the two countries would share a monarch but not a parliament, as they had previously done until the Act of unx in 1801.
Despite having been a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood in his youth, and demonstrated against the visit to Ireland of King Edward VII, the party’s leader Arthur Griffith proposed a dual monarchy along the lines of the one Hungary had established with Austria.
Admittedly, this was a pragmatic policy aimed at making the idea of Irish independence more palatable to the British establishment, which faced opposition from other Sinn Féin leaders who sought to change it to a republican one, which it ultimately did in 1917.
However, even after the proclamation of the Irish Republic during the Easter Rising in 1916, which was misleadingly called ‘the Sinn Féin rebellion’ in Britain, some leaders of the Irish Volunteers had proposed offering the throne of an independent Ireland to Prince Joachim of Germany.

你在研究愛爾蘭歷史時(shí)學(xué)到的最令人驚訝的事情是什么？
現(xiàn)在自稱為共和黨的新芬黨最初主張愛爾蘭和英國實(shí)行雙重君主制，即兩國共享君主，但不共享議會(huì)，就像他們?cè)?801年《聯(lián)合法案》之前所做的那樣。
盡管年輕時(shí)曾是愛爾蘭共和兄弟會(huì)的成員，并曾抗議愛德華七世國王訪問愛爾蘭，該黨領(lǐng)袖亞瑟·格里菲斯還是提議按照匈牙利與奧地利建立的君主制建立雙重君主制。
誠然，這是一項(xiàng)務(wù)實(shí)的政策，目的是讓愛爾蘭獨(dú)立的想法更容易被英國當(dāng)權(quán)派所接受，但遭到了新芬黨其他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的反對(duì)，他們?cè)噲D將其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣埠椭?，最終在1917年實(shí)現(xiàn)了這一目標(biāo)。
然而，即使在1916年復(fù)活節(jié)起義期間愛爾蘭共和國宣布成立（在英國被誤導(dǎo)地稱為“新芬黨叛亂”）之后，愛爾蘭志愿軍的一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人也提議將獨(dú)立愛爾蘭的王位交給德國的約阿希姆親王。

This may seem bizarre now, but in the context of the time it was plausible, given that Greece, Romania and Bulgaria, on gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire, chose to have German princes as their kings, which afforded them a degree of diplomatic support from Germany.
Even Greece, which had declared itself a republic in 1822, later chose Prince Otto of Bavaria as its king, before replacing him with Denmark’s Prince William, who became King George I, with the diplomatic support of Britain, France and Russia, creating a dynasty that officially lasted until 1974.
As late as 1918, Finland, newly independent from Russia, had elected Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, brother-in-law of the Kaiser, as its king, but he never took up the position, renouncing the title in the wake of Germany’s military defeat and the abolition of the monarchy in Germany itself.
Although the Anglo-Irish Treaty did establish a constitutional monarchy in Ireland, it was in the guise of the twenty-six county Irish Free State, with the British monarch represented by a Governor-General, a position abolished in 1937, with the last lix with the monarchy removed in 1949.

這在現(xiàn)在看來似乎很奇怪，但在當(dāng)時(shí)的背景下，這是合理的，因?yàn)橄ＥD、羅馬尼亞和保加利亞在從奧斯曼帝國獲得獨(dú)立后，選擇了德國的王子作為他們的國王，這為他們提供了一定程度的德國外交支持。
即使是在1822年宣布成為共和國的希臘，后來也選擇了巴伐利亞的奧托王子為國王，然后在英國、法國和俄羅斯的外交支持下，由丹麥的威廉王子取代他成為國王喬治一世，建立了一個(gè)正式持續(xù)到1974年的王朝。
直到1918年，剛從俄國獨(dú)立出來的芬蘭，才選舉德皇的妹夫、黑森的弗雷德里克·查爾斯王子(Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse)為國王，但他從未接受過這個(gè)職位，而是在德國的軍事失敗和德國自己廢除君主制后放棄了這個(gè)頭銜。
雖然《英愛條約》確實(shí)在愛爾蘭建立了君主立憲制，但它是在26個(gè)郡的愛爾蘭自由邦的幌子下，由總督代表英國君主，這一職位于1937年廢除，與君主政體的最后聯(lián)系于1949年取消。

Eddie Kiffiak
What are the most interesting facts about Canadian history that most people are not aware of?
A lot of Canadians are unaware that during the German occupation of the Netherlands at the time of the Second World War, Canada gave the Dutch Royal family asylum. Princess Margaret was born in Canada while her family was in exile here. To commemorate her birth, the Canadian government flew the Dutch flag from the peace tower of the Canadian parliament building. That was the only time in history a flag other than the national flag of Canada flew over our government building.
In 1945, the Canadian Military liberated the Netherlands. In appreciation, the Dutch people have sent thousands of tulips to Canada every year since. The event is now known as the “Canadian tulip festival”. Both countries remain strong trading partners, and allies on the world stage.

關(guān)于加拿大歷史，大多數(shù)人不知道的最有趣的事實(shí)是什么？
許多加拿大人都不知道，在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間德國占領(lǐng)荷蘭期間，加拿大為荷蘭王室提供了庇護(hù)?，敻覃愄毓鞒錾诩幽么螅?dāng)時(shí)她的家人被流放到這里。為了紀(jì)念她的出生，加拿大政府在加拿大議會(huì)大廈的和平塔上懸掛了荷蘭國旗。那是歷史上唯一一次加拿大國旗以外的旗幟在我們的政府大樓上空飄揚(yáng)。
1945年，加拿大軍隊(duì)解放了荷蘭。為了表示感謝，荷蘭人每年都向加拿大送去成千上萬的郁金香。這個(gè)活動(dòng)現(xiàn)在被稱為“加拿大郁金香節(jié)”。兩國在世界舞臺(tái)上仍然是強(qiáng)有力的貿(mào)易伙伴和盟友。

Yusuf Legere
What are some things every "Canadian" should know about "Canadian History"?
IMO, every Canadian should know about our treatment of our First Nations brothers and sisters. Most Canadians know a tiny bit about residential schools, but have no idea of the horrors experienced by virtually an entire generation, (multiple generations in some cases).
Too many Canadians (like a certain senator who shall remain unnamed here) think FN people are lazy, or hopeless drunks, or any of several stereotypes. They have either a severe lack of information, are truly heartless, or simply blinded by their own privilege and bigotry.

關(guān)于“加拿大歷史”，每個(gè)“加拿大人”都應(yīng)該知道哪些事情？
在我看來，每個(gè)加拿大人都應(yīng)該知道我們對(duì)待第一民族兄弟姐妹的方式。大多數(shù)加拿大人對(duì)寄宿學(xué)校知道一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)，但對(duì)幾乎整整一代人（在某些情況下是幾代人）所經(jīng)歷的恐怖事件一無所知。
太多的加拿大人(就像某個(gè)不愿透露姓名的參議員)認(rèn)為第一民族人是懶惰的，或者是無可救藥的酒鬼，或者是其他的刻板印象。他們要么是嚴(yán)重缺乏信息，要么是真正的無情，要么只是被自己的特權(quán)和偏見蒙蔽了雙眼。

Stuti Barukial
What is the most surprising thing you learned studying the history of Africa?
During post graduation era I had to deal with a few novels related to African Culture and history ..
Although my genre was novels yet we understood the transformation , history of the dark African Landscape ..
Today I will basically speak of two novels
Chinua Achebe's Things for Apart. It dealt with the heroic Ibo tribe (Like the Nagas) how the advent of British rule changed their lives altogether let it be cultural, social , religious domain.. One significant aspect of Ibo tribe was that they gave an ear to every opinion . This lead to the entry of missionaries into their villages and a decay of the traditional ways . It was the story of Africa how the conversion card was played by the white colonial master.
This novel pens down the pangs of the victims of the institution of polygamy. A husband forsaken woman who becomes independent with her education and her struggle to bring up her children in the midst of colonial era transition..

在學(xué)習(xí)非洲歷史的過程中，最讓你驚訝的是什么?
在畢業(yè)后的時(shí)期，我不得不處理一些與非洲文化和歷史有關(guān)的小說。
雖然我的體裁是小說，但我們了解非洲黑暗景觀的轉(zhuǎn)變和歷史
今天我主要講兩部小說
欽努阿·阿契貝的《崩潰(Things Fall Apart)》。它講述了英雄的伊博部落（像那加人一樣）英國統(tǒng)治的出現(xiàn)如何徹底改變了他們的生活——讓它成為文化、社會(huì)和宗教領(lǐng)域。伊博部落的一個(gè)重要方面是他們傾聽每一種意見。這導(dǎo)致傳教士進(jìn)入他們的村莊，傳統(tǒng)方式衰敗。這是一個(gè)關(guān)于非洲的故事，白人殖民統(tǒng)治者如何打出皈依這張牌。
這部小說記錄了一夫多妻制度下受害者的痛苦。一個(gè)被丈夫拋棄的女人，在殖民時(shí)代的過渡中，通過自己的教育和撫養(yǎng)孩子的努力變得獨(dú)立

Steven Haddock
What are some things every "Canadian" should know about "Canadian History"?
That there were French settlements in Canada for 150 years before there were any substantial English language settlements.
That many places in Ontario along the Ottawa River were, before Ontario was founded, parts of New France

關(guān)于“加拿大歷史”，每個(gè)“加拿大人”都應(yīng)該知道哪些事情？
法國人在加拿大定居了150年之后才有了真正的說英語的人的定居地。
在安大略省建立之前，渥太華河沿岸的許多地方都是新法蘭西的一部分。

Cliff Mickelson
What is your favourite (most interesting to you) part of Canadian history?
I would have to go with the Acadian diaspora and cultural GENO...., (1755–1764) the Red River rebellion (1869–70)…and also the rebellion of 1837.

加拿大歷史中，你最喜歡(對(duì)你來說最有趣的)的是哪一部分?
我不得不說阿卡迪亞人的散居和文化滅絕（1755-1764）、紅河叛亂（1869-1970），以及1837年的叛亂。

KC Armstrong
What is your favourite (most interesting to you) part of Canadian history?
Perhaps interesting only because it is little known. The first English speaking Canadians were the loyalists who had been evicted from the US and their goods stolen. Later migrants included entire disbanded army units who were given land for them and their families. The people developed a strong militia. During the US Civil War there was an economic slowdown in British North America. Thousands of men went to the US and joined the unx Army. Some were paid a signing "bonus" to take the place of the son of a rich man who had been drafted. After the war the unx leaders from the states farther from the border wanted to invade Canada and finish off British rule. The unx generals advised them that all of the army had fought alongside Canadians and that those Canadians knew every piece of equipment and tactic of the army. They also said that the Canadians would be defending their land and families. Sending unwilling men to fight old friends on their turf was seen as a dumb idea and the talk of invasion was dropped.
A more favourite one was the movement of a band of Sioux from the US to Canada. Sitting Bull was born in what today is Saskatchewan as were many others. The escorting company of US cavalry were told to proceed along a certain route where they would meet a contingent of RNWMP, the ancestor of the Canadian federal police. They arrived at the border and saw only two men in uniform waiting for them. After the exchange of pleasantries and papers the confused US captain said “this is not your entire squad is it?” and the Canadian replied “no”. “Well, where are the others?” the American asked. The RNWMP corporal replied with “oh, George is back at our campsite cooking supper”.
The story underlines a different outlook between the two nations.

加拿大歷史中，你最喜歡(對(duì)你來說最有趣的)的是哪一部分?
也許有趣只是因?yàn)樗r為人知。第一批說英語的加拿大人是被驅(qū)逐出美國，他們的貨物被偷走的?；逝?。后來的移民包括整個(gè)被解散的軍隊(duì)，他們和他們的家人得到了土地。人們發(fā)展了一支強(qiáng)大的民兵。在美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間，英屬北美經(jīng)濟(jì)放緩。成千上萬的人去了美國，加入了聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)。一些人得到了簽約“獎(jiǎng)金”，以取代一位被征召入伍的富人的兒子。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后，來自邊境以外各州的聯(lián)邦領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人想要入侵加拿大，結(jié)束英國的統(tǒng)治。聯(lián)邦將軍們告訴他們，所有的軍隊(duì)都和加拿大人并肩作戰(zhàn)，加拿大人知道軍隊(duì)的每一件裝備和戰(zhàn)術(shù)。他們還說，加拿大人將捍衛(wèi)他們的土地和家庭。派不情愿的人去老朋友的地盤上作戰(zhàn)被視為愚蠢的想法，入侵的討論也被擱置了。
一個(gè)更受歡迎的故事是蘇族人從美國遷徙加拿大。像其他許多人一樣，“坐著的公牛（北美印第安人部落首領(lǐng)）”出生在今天的薩斯喀徹溫省。美國騎兵的護(hù)送連被告知沿著某條路線前進(jìn)，在那里他們將遇到加拿大聯(lián)邦警察的祖先——皇家西北保護(hù)區(qū)特遣隊(duì)。他們到達(dá)邊境時(shí)，只看到兩名身穿制服的男子在等他們。在寒暄和交換文件后，困惑的美國隊(duì)長說“這不是你們整個(gè)隊(duì)吧？”加拿大人回答“不是”?！昂冒?，其他人在哪里？”美國人問道。皇家西北保護(hù)區(qū)特遣隊(duì)下士回答說：“哦，喬治回到我們的營地去做晚飯了。”。
這個(gè)故事突顯了兩國之間的不同觀點(diǎn)。

Alan Steele
What has shocked you the most about Canada?
Having spent over a decade behind bars as a wrongly convicted person, I have seen many of the injustices of our Justice system. However one that no one ever talks about, are the men and women serving life sentences who remain in prison long, long after their original court mandated parole dates.
A prisoner serving a Life-10 sentence is eligible for day parole after 7 years and full parole at 10. However if that person doesn't apply for parole then he or she can spend 30-40 more years incarcerated and die inside. I'm not talking about the monsters who shouldn't ever get out. I'm talking about the ones who made one bad choice, paid the price, and are no longer any threat to society but for whatever reason they do not apply for parole.
Some people give up in prison. Sad but true as prison can suck hope right out of you. They either are legitimately regretful and shamed for having taken a life that they simply don't apply for parole, while others may have no one to get out to, and others become so institutionalized that the outside world is scarier than prison. So what happens to them

加拿大最讓你震驚的是什么？
作為一個(gè)被錯(cuò)誤定罪的人，我在監(jiān)獄里度過了十多年，我看到了我們司法系統(tǒng)的許多不公正現(xiàn)象。然而，有一件事從來沒有人談?wù)撨^，那就是那些正在服無期徒刑的男女，他們?cè)谠ㄔ阂?guī)定的假釋日期后很長一段時(shí)間仍在監(jiān)獄里。
服刑10年的囚犯在7年后有資格獲得日間假釋，10年后有資格獲得完全假釋。然而，如果那個(gè)人不申請(qǐng)假釋，那么他或她可能會(huì)在監(jiān)獄里再呆30-40年，然后死在里面。我不是在說那些永遠(yuǎn)都不應(yīng)該出去的怪物。我說的是那些做出了一個(gè)糟糕的選擇，付出了代價(jià)，不再對(duì)社會(huì)構(gòu)成任何威脅，但不管出于什么原因，他們都沒有申請(qǐng)假釋。
有些人放棄申請(qǐng)假釋。悲傷但真實(shí)，就像監(jiān)獄會(huì)吸走你的希望一樣。他們要么理所當(dāng)然地為自己的生命感到后悔和羞愧——根本不申請(qǐng)假釋，而一些人人可能沒有人可以求助，還有一些人變得非常缺乏自理能力，以至于外面的世界比監(jiān)獄更可怕所以他們就變成這樣。

They rot. They age and die behind bars and no one ever comes up and says. “Your time is up you paid your penalty and you must go”. They may be encouraged to apply for parole by their Caseworkers but if they choose not to, they stay locked indefinitely, at a cost of approximately $200,000 a year to the taxpayer.
I recently had a friend die just that way. Ron swore he would never apply for parole as it would bring pain to the victim's family. He was serving Life 10 but died 35 years in. This was not a man who kept applying for parole and kept getting turned down. This was a man who simply didn't apply. He got old, sick, and eventually died behind bars and the system allowed it. A sad waste of a human being's life and millions of additional tax dollars wasted also. Think he was the only one? Think again.

他們逐漸衰弱，他們老去，死在監(jiān)獄里，從來沒有人上來說：“你的時(shí)間到了，你已經(jīng)付出了代價(jià)，你必須離開?！彼麄兊纳鐣?huì)工作者可能會(huì)鼓勵(lì)他們申請(qǐng)假釋，但如果他們選擇不申請(qǐng)，他們就會(huì)無限期地被關(guān)押，納稅人每年要為此付出大約20萬美元的代價(jià)。
他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)申請(qǐng)假釋，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)給受害者的家人帶來痛苦。他被判10年期徒刑，但35年后與監(jiān)獄中去世。這不是一個(gè)不斷申請(qǐng)假釋卻總是被拒絕的人。這是一個(gè)根本不申請(qǐng)的人。他老了，病了，最后死在監(jiān)獄里，這是體制允許的。這是對(duì)一個(gè)人生命的可悲浪費(fèi)，也浪費(fèi)了數(shù)百萬美元的額外稅款。你覺得只有他是這樣的嗎?再想想。