快速學(xué)習(xí)大量信息的最好方法是什么?（一）
What is the best way to learn large volumes of information quickly?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
網(wǎng)友：快速學(xué)習(xí)者”會(huì)遵循哪些學(xué)習(xí)策略？更快學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)鍵是了解學(xué)習(xí)是如何發(fā)生的，然后利用這個(gè)過(guò)程。如果我們研究神經(jīng)元在大腦中的工作方式，我們可以得出兩個(gè)結(jié)論：學(xué)習(xí)是因?yàn)橹貜?fù)。學(xué)習(xí)者必須將新知識(shí)與以前的知識(shí)聯(lián)系起來(lái)才能學(xué)習(xí)。
正文翻譯
What is the best way to learn large volumes of information quickly?
快速學(xué)習(xí)大量信息的最好方法是什么?
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What learning strategies do people who are "quick learners" follow?
The key to quicker learning is to understand how learning happens and then taking advantage of that process.
If we study how neurons work in our brains, we can reach two conclusions:
Learning occurs because of repetition
Learners must connect new knowledge to previous knowledge in order to learn
“快速學(xué)習(xí)者”會(huì)遵循哪些學(xué)習(xí)策略？
更快學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)鍵是了解學(xué)習(xí)是如何發(fā)生的，然后利用這個(gè)過(guò)程。
如果我們研究神經(jīng)元在大腦中的工作方式，我們可以得出兩個(gè)結(jié)論：
學(xué)習(xí)是因?yàn)橹貜?fù)
學(xué)習(xí)者必須將新知識(shí)與以前的知識(shí)聯(lián)系起來(lái)才能學(xué)習(xí)
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
The second is the more complicated one. Our brains store information by context and association based on existing mental models (AKA schema). If we want to learn new information successfully we need to either find an existing mental model that will associate with the new information or we need to build a new mental model in which the new information will fit.
The quick learner determines the analogous existing mental model or realizes when they don't have an existing acceptable mental model and they back-off and build a new mental model before trying to absorb the concept that is new. Building new mental models can be done by outlining or mind-mapping. Start with the central new concept and branch off to the key features of that concept. Keep branching off until you reach a point where you have existing knowledge that can connect to the new knowledge.
Here is a crude example. Let's assume we wanted to learn how to play chess:
By making the association between the shape of the Bishop piece and a picture of a bishop's hat we will have a neural association that will make it easy for us to recognize which piece is the Bishop.
Using images wherever practical is a benefit, because our brains are better at remembering images than words.
第一個(gè)非常簡(jiǎn)單。反復(fù)思考某個(gè)事物，與該事物相關(guān)的神經(jīng)元會(huì)生長(zhǎng)樹(shù)突，并與其他神經(jīng)元建立聯(lián)系，使我們?cè)谛枰獣r(shí)更容易記住和回憶該事物。我們都知道如何通過(guò)重復(fù)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)或記憶。
第二個(gè)是比較復(fù)雜的。我們的大腦根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的心理模型（又名模式）通過(guò)上下文和聯(lián)想來(lái)存儲(chǔ)信息。如果我們想成功地學(xué)習(xí)新信息，我們需要找到一個(gè)與新信息相關(guān)聯(lián)的現(xiàn)有心理模型，或者我們需要建立一個(gè)適合新信息的新心理模型。
快速學(xué)習(xí)者確定了類似的現(xiàn)有心理模型，或者意識(shí)到當(dāng)他們沒(méi)有現(xiàn)有的可接受的心理模型時(shí)，他們會(huì)在嘗試吸收新概念之前放棄并建立一個(gè)新的心理模型。建立新的心理模型可以通過(guò)勾勒輪廓或思維導(dǎo)圖來(lái)完成。從核心的新概念開(kāi)始，然后分支到該概念的關(guān)鍵特征。不斷拓展，直到你擁有了可以與新知識(shí)相聯(lián)系的現(xiàn)有知識(shí)。
這里有一個(gè)天然的例子，讓我們假設(shè)我們想要學(xué)習(xí)如何下棋:
通過(guò)將主教棋子的形狀和主教帽子的圖片聯(lián)系起來(lái)，我們就有了一種神經(jīng)聯(lián)系，這將使我們更容易識(shí)別出哪個(gè)棋子是主教
在任何可行的地方使用圖像都是一種好處，因?yàn)槲覀兊拇竽X相比比單詞更善于記住圖像。
What's the secret to learning to code faster?
Never repeat a mistake. That’s as fast as you’ll get.
Quick example: you name your variables a, b and c. You learn that it is important to name them more descxtively. You rename them to firstName, surname and dateOfBirth.
You never name anything a, b, c again.
What’s hard about this is how many poor practices there are. You inevitably will repeat mistakes through lack of knowledge.
But every time you learn a better way, build it into every piece of code you write.
學(xué)習(xí)更快編碼的秘訣是什么？
不要重復(fù)錯(cuò)誤，這是你最快的速度了。
快速示例：你將變量命名為a、b和c。你了解到，更具描述性地命名它們很重要。將它們重命名為firstName、姓氏和出生日期。
你再也不會(huì)給任何東西起a、b、c的名字了。
困難之處在于有多少不良做法。由于缺乏知識(shí)，你不可避免地會(huì)重復(fù)錯(cuò)誤。
但是每次你學(xué)習(xí)一種更好的方法，就把它構(gòu)建到你編寫(xiě)的每一段代碼中。
What are the most effective ways to learn a new language?
I currently speak 6 languages: French( Native), English, German, Chinese, Japanese and Korean
Let me tell you briefly how I did that.
Put in your head that learning a language is easy, you just need time and patience, that’s all
You can absolutely become as fluent as a Native.
Don’t listen to anyone telling you you can’t, most people around you don’t speak more than one language and have some fixed mindset about language learning which prevent them from being open to learning and improving. You are different. You know you can become VERY good if you just trust and do what I will tell you right after.
Don’t rely on professors to teach you. A language is a tool of communication. It has to come from you and you have to be proactive to apply what you learn and improve fast.
Find the best book to learn the language you target. Just one book is enough. An application or a dictionary is just a tool, a “helper”.
學(xué)習(xí)一門新語(yǔ)言最有效的方法是什么？
我目前會(huì)說(shuō)6種語(yǔ)言：法語(yǔ)（母語(yǔ)）、英語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)、日語(yǔ)和韓語(yǔ)
讓我簡(jiǎn)單地告訴你我是怎么做到的。
記住，學(xué)習(xí)一門語(yǔ)言很容易，你只需要時(shí)間和耐心，僅此而已
你完全可以變得像土著人一樣流利。
不要聽(tīng)別人說(shuō)“你不行”，你周圍的大多數(shù)人不會(huì)說(shuō)一種以上的語(yǔ)言，并且對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)有一些固定的心態(tài)，這阻礙了他們放開(kāi)心態(tài)學(xué)習(xí)和提高。你是不同的。你得知道，如果你相信并按照我告訴你的去做，你會(huì)變得非常優(yōu)秀的。
不要依賴教授來(lái)教你。語(yǔ)言是交流的工具。它必須來(lái)自你，你必須積極主動(dòng)地應(yīng)用你學(xué)到的東西并快速提高。
找一本最好的書(shū)來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)你想要學(xué)的語(yǔ)言。只要一本書(shū)就足夠了。應(yīng)用程序或字典只是一個(gè)工具，一個(gè)“助手”。
When you have some very basics and you know few phrases, find some friend speaking the language and go practice what you learn. Don’t be afraid to fail or to speak incorrectly, no one will laugh about you. Everyone speaks incorrectly before speaking correctly. Just think about babies: If a baby was waiting to have the perfect grammar to start speaking, he would never say a word. Instead, use the “ Fail Fast Forward” approach. Fail quickly, then listen to the correction. Ask others to correct you. Then improve.
When you understand few phrases and you feel you are okay to present yourself, start to watch dramas and series in the language you target. My advice is to watch dramas with subtitles in the language of the country language, NOT yours. The purpose is to listen. when you don’t understand, pause and search in the dictionary. make lists of words. If you don’t understand 100%, that’s okay. Try to understand the gestures and you will see that after some time, you will start to understand more and more.
Repeat all those steps: Find more books, dramas, friends.
Go to study there. Speak with locals, be curious about the culture.
With this method, you will be fluent in less than 1 year.
Good luck.
每天花30分鐘讀那本書(shū)，直到你讀完這本書(shū)。慢慢來(lái)，做所有的練習(xí)。
當(dāng)你掌握了一些基本知識(shí)，只知道幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)時(shí)，找一個(gè)會(huì)說(shuō)這種語(yǔ)言的朋友，然后去練習(xí)你所學(xué)的。不要害怕失敗或說(shuō)錯(cuò)話，沒(méi)有人會(huì)嘲笑你。每個(gè)人都會(huì)說(shuō)錯(cuò)話，然后才會(huì)說(shuō)對(duì)。想想嬰兒吧：如果一個(gè)嬰兒在等待了解完美的語(yǔ)法開(kāi)始說(shuō)話，他一句話也不會(huì)說(shuō)。相反，使用“失敗快進(jìn)”方法： 能盡快知道你是否失敗，然后傾聽(tīng)和糾正。讓別人糾正你，然后改進(jìn)。
當(dāng)你聽(tīng)懂了幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)，覺(jué)得自己可以展現(xiàn)自己時(shí)，開(kāi)始看目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言的電視劇和連續(xù)劇。我的建議是看帶有當(dāng)?shù)卣Z(yǔ)言字幕的電視劇，而不是帶你會(huì)的語(yǔ)言的字幕。目的是傾聽(tīng)，當(dāng)你不明白的時(shí)候，停下來(lái)查字典、列單詞表。如果你不能100%理解，那沒(méi)關(guān)系。試著去理解這些手勢(shì)，一段時(shí)間后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，你會(huì)開(kāi)始理解得越來(lái)越多。
重復(fù)所有這些步驟：找到更多的書(shū)，戲劇和陪你說(shuō)話的朋友。
去與當(dāng)?shù)厝私徽?，?duì)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕錆M好奇。
用這種方法，你將在不到一年的時(shí)間里能夠流利的說(shuō)這門語(yǔ)言。
祝你好運(yùn)
over the years as an ex-litigator and management consultant, I’ve used a method that accelerates the process of plowing through information (in a quest to not to have to work on weekends). One example is day before trial, we get served 2 boxes of documents from the other side, and I have to very quickly figure out if there is any incriminating in those documents while negotiations are on-going. Another example is where a client has to place a bid for a company within a few days, and access to a virtual deal room where voluminous data files are placed which are designed for a bidder to uate the company and make an offer.
In such cases, how I have approached it as as follows:
(1) Ask what questions you want answered - if you can imagine putting up a fake Christmas tree, you need to set the tree frx up first before you can hang the ornaments. The information you are going to get are the ornaments and to make them stick, you need the questions which will function as the frx in your head.
(2) Study the structure of the documents. Classify and group the documents.
(3) Repeat (2) within a document itself once you have identified the relevant document to focus on based on (1).
(4) To further ‘bind’ the information into your head, arrange it into a story that you can remember. With this method, litigators are trained to be able to still conduct a trial even if our files have been stolen or destroyed.
The ability to go through mass volume of information and learn it is a skill that can be acquired and perfected. But it requires practice. Over time with practice, you get faster and faster.
多年來(lái)，作為一名前訴訟律師和管理顧問(wèn)，我使用了一種方法，可以加速瀏覽信息的過(guò)程(為了不需要在周末工作)。一個(gè)例子是在審判前一天，我們從對(duì)方那里拿到了兩箱文件，在談判進(jìn)行的時(shí)候，我必須非常迅速地找出這些文件中是否有任何有罪的證據(jù)。另一個(gè)例子是，客戶必須在幾天內(nèi)對(duì)一家公司進(jìn)行投標(biāo)，并訪問(wèn)一個(gè)虛擬交易室，在那里放置了大量的數(shù)據(jù)文件，這些文件是為投標(biāo)人評(píng)估該公司并提出報(bào)價(jià)而設(shè)計(jì)的。
在這種情況下，我是這樣處理的:
（1） 問(wèn)你想要答案的問(wèn)題——如果你能想象掛一棵假圣誕樹(shù)，你需要先把樹(shù)架裝好，然后才能掛上裝飾品。你將要得到的信息是裝飾品，為了讓它們粘在一起，你需要一些問(wèn)題，這些問(wèn)題將成為你頭腦中的框架。
（2） 研究文檔的結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)文件進(jìn)行分類和分組。
（3） 一旦你根據(jù)（1）確定了要關(guān)注的相關(guān)文檔，請(qǐng)?jiān)谖臋n本身中重復(fù)（2）。
（4） 為了進(jìn)一步將信息“綁定”到你的腦海中，將其整理成一個(gè)你能記住的故事。通過(guò)這種方法，訴訟律師經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn)，即使我們的文件被盜或被毀，他們?nèi)阅苓M(jìn)行審判。
閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)大量信息的能力是一種可以獲得和完善的技能。但這需要練習(xí)。隨著時(shí)間的推移，你的速度會(huì)越來(lái)越快。
Is it better to learn something in small, frequent chuncks of information? Or, is it better to learn it in bigger, less frequent blocks of information?
It is better to learn small chunks of information, frequently, than big chunks, infrequently.
I will explain by presenting several ideas from experts on learning and then combining them.
In 1956, a cognitive psychologist, from Harvard, named George A. Miller introduced a concept in the journal Psychology Review. That concept has become known as "Miller's Magic Number" or "Magic Number Seven (Plus or Minus Two". In that paper he presented the idea that people can only store seven (plus or minus two) chunks of information in their short term memory. Notice that the word chunks is used, and not pieces or bits. When Miller talked about chunks or "chunking" he talked about our ability to merge a number of discrete pieces of information into a smaller number of chunks. For example, we don't treat a 10 digit phone number as 10 chunks of information because we combine the three numbers that make up the area code into a single construct and we may chunk four digit numbers as two two-digit numbers.
A related concept called cognitive loading builds upon these restrictions of our minds. Cognitive Load Theory says that the amount of information and interactions that must be processed simultaneously can either under-load or overload the finite amount of working memory. If overloaded, all elements must be processed before meaningful learning can continue. The more a person has to learn in a shorter period of time, the more difficult it is to process that information. Researchers such as Paul Chandler and John Sweller have written extensively on the implications of cognitive load theory on the format of instruction and learning.
在少量、頻繁的信息中學(xué)習(xí)一些東西更好嗎？或者還是在更大量、頻率更低的信息塊中學(xué)習(xí)更好？
經(jīng)常學(xué)習(xí)小塊信息比不經(jīng)常學(xué)習(xí)大塊信息要好。
我將介紹一些專家關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)的想法，然后將它們結(jié)合起來(lái)進(jìn)行解釋。
1956年，哈佛大學(xué)的認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家喬治·米勒在《心理學(xué)評(píng)論》雜志上介紹了一個(gè)概念。這個(gè)概念被稱為“米勒的神奇數(shù)字”或““神奇的數(shù)字：7±2””。在那篇論文中，他提出了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，即人們?cè)诙唐谟洃浿兄荒艽鎯?chǔ)七塊（加或減去兩塊）信息。請(qǐng)注意，使用的是單詞chunk，而不是pieces或bits。當(dāng)米勒談到塊或“分塊”時(shí)，他談到了我們將大量離散信息合并為少量塊的能力。例如，我們不會(huì)將一個(gè)10位數(shù)的電話號(hào)碼視為10個(gè)信息塊，因?yàn)槲覀儗⒔M成區(qū)號(hào)的三個(gè)數(shù)字組合成一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，我們可以將四位數(shù)的數(shù)字組合成兩個(gè)兩位數(shù)的數(shù)字。
一個(gè)被稱為認(rèn)知負(fù)荷的相關(guān)概念建立在我們大腦的這些限制之上。認(rèn)知負(fù)荷理論認(rèn)為，必須同時(shí)處理的信息量和互動(dòng)量可能會(huì)使有限的工作記憶負(fù)荷不足或過(guò)載。如果過(guò)載，則必須處理所有元素，然后才能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行有意義的學(xué)習(xí)。一個(gè)人在更短的時(shí)間內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)得越多，處理這些信息就越困難。Paul Chandler和John Sweller等研究人員撰寫(xiě)了大量關(guān)于認(rèn)知負(fù)荷理論對(duì)教學(xué)形式的影響的文章。
People learn better when a complex continuous lesson is broken into separate segments. Examples include breaking a complex figure into two or more smaller figures dealing with different parts of the original one; presenting one graphic at a time rather than putting multiple graphics in the same figure or breaking a continuous presentation into short chunks that can be paced by the learner. The learner’s working memory is less likely to be overloaded with essential processing when the essential material is presented in bite-size chunks rather than as a whole continuous lesson.
Jerome Bruner is one of the founders of constructivism. His book The Process of Education led to significant experimentation and educational reform during the 1960s. Bruner’s theory of instruction identifies four characteristics of effective instruction (readiness, content structure, sequencing, and reinforcement). Combined, these principles lead to the idea of the spiral curriculum. Spiral learning refers to the idea of revisiting basic ideas over and over, building upon them and elaborating to the level of full understanding and mastery.
Researchers like Lauren Resnick, write that studying what actually happens in the brain - specifically the growth of dendrites and neurotransmitter receptor sites and the formation of neural networks when we think and learn (form easily accessible long term memories) - reveals two fundamental ideas:
Richard E.Mayer是一位教育心理學(xué)家，出版了390多本出版物，其中包括23本書(shū)。他制定了一套學(xué)習(xí)原則。其中之一就是分段原則。該原則規(guī)定：
當(dāng)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的連續(xù)課程被分成不同的部分時(shí)，人們學(xué)得更好。例如，將一個(gè)復(fù)雜的圖形分解為兩個(gè)或多個(gè)較小的圖形，處理原始圖形的不同部分;一次只展示一張圖表，而不是把多個(gè)圖表放在同一個(gè)圖表中，或者把一個(gè)連續(xù)的演示分成學(xué)習(xí)者可以自行掌握節(jié)奏的小塊。當(dāng)重要材料以小塊的形式呈現(xiàn)，而不是作為一個(gè)完整的連續(xù)的課程呈現(xiàn)時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)者的工作記憶就不太可能被重要的處理過(guò)載。
杰羅姆·布魯納（Jerome Bruner ）是建構(gòu)主義的創(chuàng)始人之一。他的著作《教育過(guò)程》在20世紀(jì)60年代引發(fā)了重大的實(shí)驗(yàn)和教育改革。布魯納的教學(xué)理論確定了有效教學(xué)的四個(gè)特征（準(zhǔn)備狀態(tài)、內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)、順序和強(qiáng)化）。這些原則相結(jié)合，形成了螺旋課程的理念。螺旋式學(xué)習(xí)是指一遍又一遍地重新審視基本思想，在這些思想的基礎(chǔ)上再接再厲，并闡述到充分理解和掌握的水平。
斯尼克（Lauren Resnick）等研究人員寫(xiě)道，研究大腦中實(shí)際發(fā)生的事情，特別是樹(shù)突和神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)受體位點(diǎn)的生長(zhǎng)，以及我們思考和學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的形成（形成易于訪問(wèn)的長(zhǎng)期記憶），揭示了兩個(gè)基本思想：
2) Students must connect new knowledge to previous knowledge in order to learn.
So, putting all of that together, we can deduce that learning will likely be most efficacious when:
1) It occurs in small chunks that can make it through the bottlenecks of short term memory and cognitive load and those chunks are designed to build upon each other.
2) Those series of chunks build upon each other by calling into use the material learned in earlier chunks, providing both repetition and connection opportunities.
1） 學(xué)習(xí)源于重復(fù)
2） 為了學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生必須把新知識(shí)和以前的知識(shí)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
所以，把所有這些放在一起，我們可以推斷，學(xué)習(xí)可能是最有效的，當(dāng):
1） 它以小塊的形式出現(xiàn)，可以克服短期記憶和認(rèn)知負(fù)荷的瓶頸，而這些小塊被設(shè)計(jì)成相互依賴的。
2） 這些系列的塊通過(guò)使用在早期塊中學(xué)習(xí)的材料而相互依賴的關(guān)系，提供了重復(fù)和聯(lián)系的機(jī)會(huì)。
How can I learn Spanish well at the shortest time?
Be born in a Spanish-speaking country and grow up there.
If it's already too late for that, then decide the level of competence you want to achieve. For literary fluency, then a basic language class, in a school, online, or recorded, should be followed by a relentless program of daily reading in Spanish language fiction and nonfiction. Don't start with the Quixote, unless you would start English learners with King Lear. A useful tool early on would be to get a Spanish translation of an English language novel and go back and forth until you find you never need to refer to the English version. But especially notice how the translators handle idiomatic expressions — sometimes literally, sometimes finding Spanish idioms that do the same job, sometimes paraphrasing the meaning of the idiom in plain speech.
If you want conversational fluency, begin with the beginner's class before you go to a Spanish speaking country or afflict your Hispanic friends. It shows respect to study beforehand, so you aren't wasting their time. You should arrive in country knowing all the verb conjugations and with a healthy respect for gender agreement. There's no shortcut for this. You have to be able to build sentences with the right verb conjugation, even if you have to stop and think. Thinking before speaking isn't bad in any language.
我怎樣才能在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)學(xué)好西班牙語(yǔ)？
我出生在一個(gè)講西班牙語(yǔ)的國(guó)家，在那里長(zhǎng)大。
如果已經(jīng)太晚了，那就決定你想要達(dá)到的能力水平。為了流暢，在學(xué)校、網(wǎng)上或錄音的基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)言課程之后，應(yīng)該堅(jiān)持每天閱讀西班牙語(yǔ)小說(shuō)和非小說(shuō)類作品。不要從堂吉訶德開(kāi)始，除非你從《李爾王》開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)。早期的一個(gè)有用的工具是找一本英語(yǔ)小說(shuō)的西班牙語(yǔ)譯本，反復(fù)閱讀，直到你發(fā)現(xiàn)你再也不需要參考英文版。但要特別注意譯者是如何處理習(xí)語(yǔ)表達(dá)的——有時(shí)是逐字逐句地翻譯，有時(shí)是找西班牙習(xí)語(yǔ)來(lái)做同樣的工作，有時(shí)是用通俗易懂的語(yǔ)言解釋習(xí)語(yǔ)的意思。
如果你想流利地交談，在你去西班牙語(yǔ)國(guó)家或折磨你的西班牙裔朋友之前，先從初級(jí)課程開(kāi)始。事先學(xué)習(xí)是一種尊重，這樣你就不會(huì)浪費(fèi)他們的時(shí)間。到達(dá)一個(gè)國(guó)家時(shí)，你應(yīng)該知道所有的動(dòng)詞變化，并對(duì)性別一致保持良好的尊重。這沒(méi)有捷徑可走。你必須能夠用正確的動(dòng)詞變化來(lái)造句，即使你必須停下來(lái)思考。說(shuō)話前先思考對(duì)任何語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)都不是壞事。
You get used to these things quite soon. It's fine to pick up the local (mis)pronunciations, as long as you recognize their informality and you suit your language to the occasion.
Remember that the people you’re conversing with are not getting paid to teach you Spanish. If they switch to English, then try to stay with Spanish in your reply until they specifically ask you to use English. Don't despair. Just study more and try again later. Most people will be patient with you for a while, depending on how busy they are. If you’re going to a certain kind of place or event, study beforehand to learn some vocabulary so you'll know what others are saying. Read Spanish newspapers and magazines every day.
The first couple of weeks it will feel like it's taking forever. After four or five weeks you'll feel like it took no time at all, because the language just comes to mind when you need it.
如果你在到達(dá)一個(gè)國(guó)家的時(shí)候已經(jīng)有了一些官方語(yǔ)法和發(fā)音的基礎(chǔ)，你就會(huì)在與母語(yǔ)人士的交談中學(xué)得越來(lái)越快。但要做好準(zhǔn)備:在最初的幾天或幾周內(nèi)，你聽(tīng)不懂任何你無(wú)意中聽(tīng)到的東西，只有當(dāng)他們說(shuō)得緩慢而清晰時(shí)，你才能聽(tīng)懂。這是因?yàn)?，所有語(yǔ)言在被說(shuō)的時(shí)候都會(huì)如此，當(dāng)?shù)厝藭?huì)留下許多不完整或部分發(fā)音的單詞，有些字母也不符合教科書(shū)的用法。想象一下，如果你學(xué)了墨西哥西班牙語(yǔ)，然后去了卡斯蒂利亞，那里的口音聽(tīng)起來(lái)像口齒不清(許多不發(fā)音的S音被英語(yǔ)的TH取代了)，或者去了智利，那里的Y和LL的發(fā)音像英語(yǔ)的J。
你很快就會(huì)習(xí)慣這些東西。學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)?shù)氐?錯(cuò)誤的)發(fā)音是可以的，只要你認(rèn)識(shí)到它們是非正式性的表達(dá)，并讓你自己的語(yǔ)言適應(yīng)場(chǎng)合需求。
請(qǐng)記住，與你交談的人不會(huì)因?yàn)榻棠阄靼嘌勒Z(yǔ)而得到報(bào)酬。如果他們改用英語(yǔ)，那么在他們明確要求你使用英語(yǔ)之前，盡量在回復(fù)中使用西班牙語(yǔ)。不要絕望。多學(xué)點(diǎn)，以后再試。大多數(shù)人會(huì)在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)會(huì)對(duì)你保持耐心的，這取決于他們有多忙。如果你要去一個(gè)特定的地方或活動(dòng)，提前學(xué)習(xí)一些詞匯，這樣你就能知道別人在說(shuō)什么。每天閱讀西班牙語(yǔ)報(bào)紙和雜志。
剛開(kāi)始的幾周，你會(huì)覺(jué)得這花了很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。四五周后，你會(huì)覺(jué)得這根本不花時(shí)間，因?yàn)楫?dāng)你需要它的時(shí)候，語(yǔ)言就會(huì)出現(xiàn)在你的腦海里。
Try. The more you try, while intelligently listening and learning, the better you'll get. Really learning another language is a lifelong project, so your goal in learning quickly is to achieve rudimentary adequacy, not native fluency.
You can't learn without speaking. Being shy does not work with language learning. You have to expose yourself to ridicule — and they WILL laugh at some of your mistakes, because they can't help it. But you take their laughter with good-natured acceptance, never taking offense, because your mistakes ARE funny, and because everyone understands that you are showing them the respect of learning their tongue instead of arrogantly expecting them to learn yours.
假設(shè)你的口音很糟糕，即使人們向你保證你根本沒(méi)有口音，你說(shuō)的每一個(gè)字都在承認(rèn)你不是本地人。你照舊就行，但要注意當(dāng)?shù)厝耸侨绾伟l(fā)出聲音的，并盡量做到這一點(diǎn)。沒(méi)有一個(gè)輔音與英語(yǔ)版本完全相同，元音更難正確定位。如果你的目標(biāo)是冒充一個(gè)本地人，你需要像最好的英國(guó)演員那樣學(xué)習(xí)音調(diào)，因?yàn)樗麄儗W(xué)會(huì)了幾乎完美的美國(guó)口音。美國(guó)演員的發(fā)音從來(lái)就不怎么好，而說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的普通人甚至連發(fā)音都不正確都是出了名的。我曾經(jīng)聽(tīng)過(guò)一位著名的英國(guó)作家用流利的法語(yǔ)在法國(guó)科幻大會(huì)上發(fā)言，他的口音是我聽(tīng)過(guò)的最糟糕的。我說(shuō)得不太流利，但我的發(fā)音至少有點(diǎn)像法語(yǔ)。好像他根本懶得去嘗試。
嘗試，在明智地傾聽(tīng)和學(xué)習(xí)的同時(shí)，你越嘗試，你就會(huì)做得越好。真正學(xué)習(xí)另一門語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)終身的項(xiàng)目，所以你快速學(xué)習(xí)的目標(biāo)是達(dá)到基本的能力，而不是達(dá)到母語(yǔ)那種流利程度。
不說(shuō)話是學(xué)不來(lái)東西的。害羞對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言沒(méi)有好處。你必須讓自己暴露在嘲笑之中——他們會(huì)嘲笑你的一些錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)樗鼈儫o(wú)法控制的。但你以善意的態(tài)度接受他們的笑聲，從不要為此生氣，因?yàn)槟愕腻e(cuò)誤很有趣，而且每個(gè)人都明白，你是在尊重他們并學(xué)習(xí)他們的語(yǔ)言，而不是傲慢地期望他們學(xué)習(xí)你的語(yǔ)言。