印度鐵路的歷史是怎樣的?(二)

Sourindra Laha
Indian Railways is the living legacy of the Britishers. The first commercial rail may run between Bombay and Thane, but the first Railways in India was used by the Britishers in present Uttrakhand. The first train in the country had run between Roorkee and Piran Kaliyar on December 22, 1851 to temporarily solve the then irrigation problems of farmers, large quantity of clay was required which was available in Piran Kaliyar area, 10 km away from Roorkee. This made the first way for our present Railway system. Later in 1852, prior to the first commercial run of the train in India, Britishers broke the Western Wall of Shahjhanabad, to lay down the rail lines from the fort to the then developing Delhi Cantonment. But this thing is very less known to the people. Because of being a Military movement for the British Colonial Government.
History of Associations: 1845, along with Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, Hon. Jaganath Shunkerseth (known as Nana Shankarsheth) formed the Indian Railway Association. Eventually, the association was incorporated into the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, and Jeejeebhoy and Shankarsheth became the only two Indians among the ten directors of the GIP railways. As a director, Shankarsheth participated in the very first commercial train journey in India between Bombay and Thane on 16 April 1853 in a 14 carriage long train drawn by 3 locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib. It was around 21 miles in length and took approximately 45 minutes.

印度鐵路是英國(guó)人留下的不朽遺產(chǎn)。第一條商業(yè)鐵路可能在孟買和塔那之間運(yùn)行，但印度的第一條鐵路是由英國(guó)人在現(xiàn)在的北阿坎德邦使用的。1851年12月22日，該國(guó)第一列火車在魯爾基和皮蘭卡利亞爾(Piran Kaliyar)之間運(yùn)行，以暫時(shí)解決當(dāng)時(shí)農(nóng)民的灌溉問題，需要大量粘土，而這些粘土在距離魯爾基10公里的皮蘭·卡利耶爾地區(qū)可以得到。這為我們現(xiàn)在的鐵路系統(tǒng)開辟了第一條道路。1852年晚些時(shí)候，在印度的第一次商業(yè)列車運(yùn)行之前，英國(guó)人推倒了Shahjhanabad堡的西墻，鋪設(shè)從堡壘到當(dāng)時(shí)正在開發(fā)的德里軍營(yíng)的鐵路線。但是這件事很少為人們所知。因?yàn)檫@是英國(guó)殖民政府的軍事運(yùn)動(dòng)。
協(xié)會(huì)歷史：1845年，賈格納特·尚克塞斯閣下（又名Nana Shankarsheth）與Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy爵士一起成立了印度鐵路協(xié)會(huì)。最終，該協(xié)會(huì)被并入大印度半島鐵路公司，Jeejebhoy和Shankarsheth成為大印度半島鐵路公司十名董事中僅有的兩名印度人。作為一名董事，Shankarsheth于1853年4月16日乘坐一列14節(jié)車廂長(zhǎng)的列車參加了印度孟買和塔那之間的第一次商業(yè)列車旅行，該列車由由三輛分別命名為Sultan、Sindh和Sahib的火車頭牽引。該鐵路線長(zhǎng)約21英里，耗時(shí)約45分鐘。
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But actually at that present time Calcutta was the capital of British India, hence was first decided to operate the first Railways in India from Calcutta, now Kolkata. But the ship which sailed from Britain to India, somehow met with a fateful accident and hence get submerged in the deep ocean waters. And hence the first contract of Railways went to Bombay/Mumbai now.
The Railway Companies: After the formation of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), opened in 1853, between Bombay and Thane. The East Indian Railway Company was established 1 June 1845 in London by a deed of settlement with a capital of ￡4,000,000, largely raised in London. The Great Southern India Railway Co. was founded in Britain in 1853 and registered in 1859. Construction of track in Madras Presidency began in 1859 and the 80-mile lix from Trichinopoly to Negapatam was opened in 1861. The Carnatic Railway founded in 1864, opened a Madras-Arakkonam-Kancheepuram line in 1865. The Great Southern India Railway Company was subsequently merged with the Carnatic Railway Company in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company.

但實(shí)際上，當(dāng)時(shí)加爾各答是英屬印度的首都，因此首先決定從現(xiàn)在的加爾各答運(yùn)營(yíng)印度的第一條鐵路。但是這艘從英國(guó)駛往印度的船，不知怎的遭遇了一場(chǎng)致命的事故，因此被淹沒在了深海中。因此，鐵路公司的第一份合同給了孟買。
鐵路公司：大印度半島鐵路（GIPR）成立后，于1853年在孟買和塔那之間開通。東印度鐵路公司于1845年6月1日在倫敦根據(jù)契約成立，資本為400萬英鎊，主要在倫敦籌集。大南印度鐵路公司于1853年在英國(guó)成立，并于1859年注冊(cè)。馬德拉斯管轄區(qū)的軌道建設(shè)始于1859年，從特里奇諾波利到奈伽帕塔姆(Negapatam)的80英里長(zhǎng)的鐵路于1861年開通?？{蒂克鐵路成立于1864年，于1865年開通了馬德拉斯-阿拉科南-坎奇普蘭線。大南印度鐵路公司隨后于1874年與卡納蒂克鐵路公司合并，成立了南印度鐵路有限公司。

Expansion of British Indian Railways: A British engineer, Robert Maitland Brereton, was responsible for the expansion of the railways from 1857 onwards. The Allahabad-Jabalpur branch line of the East Indian Railway had been opened in June 1867. Brereton was responsible for lixing this with the GIPR, resulting in a combined network of 6,400 km (4,000 mi). Hence it became possible to travel directly from Bombay to Calcutta. This route was officially opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Verne's book Around the World in Eighty Days. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy Lord Mayo concluded that "it was thought desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform system".
Hence in between, when the Railways were expanding itself in India, Britishers launched there first elite train, East Indian Mail in 1866, between Calcutta and Simla. This train later went on to become the oldest train in Indian Railways and the train with most no of coaches.Not to mention now known as Kalka Mail.
Then came the first luxurious train of India, the Imperial Mail. At that time this train is just like the present day Palace on Wheels.

英屬印度鐵路的擴(kuò)建：1857年起，英國(guó)工程師羅伯特·梅特蘭·布里爾頓（Robert Maitland Brereton）負(fù)責(zé)鐵路的擴(kuò)建。東印度鐵路的阿拉哈巴德-賈巴爾普爾支線于1867年6月開通。布里爾頓（Brereton）負(fù)責(zé)將其與大印度半島鐵路（GIPR）連接起來，形成了一個(gè)6400公里（4000英里）的綜合鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)。因此，從孟買直接前往加爾各答成為可能。這條路線于1870年3月7日正式開通，是法國(guó)作家儒勒·凡爾納（Jules Verne）的《八十天環(huán)游世界》一書的靈感來源之一。在啟動(dòng)儀式上，總督梅奧勛爵總結(jié)道，“人們認(rèn)為，如果可能的話，應(yīng)盡早在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)鋪設(shè)統(tǒng)一系統(tǒng)的鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)”。
因此，在這期間，當(dāng)鐵路公司在印度擴(kuò)張時(shí)，英國(guó)人于1866年在加爾各答和西姆拉之間開通了第一列精英列車“東印度郵政（East Indian Mail）”。這列火車后來成為印度鐵路中最古老的火車，也是車廂最少的火車。更不用說現(xiàn)在被稱為“卡爾卡”(Kalka Mail)號(hào)特快列車了。
然后是印度的第一列豪華火車“皇家郵政”。在那個(gè)時(shí)候，這列火車就像現(xiàn)在車輪上的宮殿。

Later stage: By 1875, about ￡95 million were invested by British companies in India. By 1880 the network had a route mileage of about 14,500 km (9,000 mi), mostly radiating inward from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives, and in 1896, sent engineers and locomotives to help build the Uganda Railways. In 1900, the GIPR became a British government owned company. The network spread to the modern day states of Assam, Rajasthan, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and soon various independent kingdoms began to have their own rail systems. In 1901, an early Railway Board was constituted, but the powers were formally invested under Lord Curzon. It served under the Department of Commerce and Industry and had a government railway official serving as chairman, and a railway manager from England and an agent of one of the company railways as the other two members. For the first time in its history, the Railways began to make a profit.
Revenues: The period between 1920 and 1929 was a period of economic boom. Following the Great Depression, however, the company suffered economically for the next eight years. The Second World War severely crippled the railways. Trains were diverted to the Middle East and later, the Far East to combat the Japanese. Railway workshops were converted to ammunitions workshops and some tracks (such as Churchgate to Colaba in Bombay) were dismantled for use in war in other countries. By 1946 all rail systems had been taken over by the government

后期：到1875年，英國(guó)公司在印度投資了大約9500萬英鎊。到1880年，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)的路線里程約為14500公里（9000英里），主要從孟買、馬德拉斯和加爾各答三個(gè)主要港口城市向內(nèi)輻射。到1895年，印度開始建造自己的火車頭，并于1896年派遣工程師和火車頭幫助建造烏干達(dá)鐵路。1900年，大印度半島鐵路（GIPR）成為英國(guó)政府所有的公司。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)擴(kuò)展到現(xiàn)代的阿薩姆邦、拉賈斯坦邦、特倫甘納邦和安得拉邦，很快各個(gè)獨(dú)立王國(guó)開始擁有自己的鐵路系統(tǒng)。1901年，成立了早期的鐵路委員會(huì)，但這些權(quán)力是在寇松勛爵的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下正式授予的。它隸屬于商務(wù)部和工業(yè)部，由一位政府鐵路官員擔(dān)任主席，另外兩位成員是一位來自英國(guó)的鐵路經(jīng)理和一家鐵路公司的代理人。鐵路公司有史以來第一次開始盈利。
收入：1920年至1929年期間是經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)期。然而，在大蕭條之后，該公司在接下來的八年里遭受了經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)使鐵路嚴(yán)重癱瘓?；疖嚤晦D(zhuǎn)移到中東，后來為了與日本人作戰(zhàn)又被轉(zhuǎn)移到遠(yuǎn)東。鐵路車間被改建為彈藥車間，一些軌道（如孟買的從教堂門站到克拉巴站）被拆除，用于其他國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。到1946年，所有的鐵路系統(tǒng)都被政府接管了
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Later Developments: In 1904, the idea to electrify the railway network was proposed by W.H White, chief engineer of the then Bombay Presidency government. He proposed the electrification of the two Bombay-based companies, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and the Bombay Baroda and Central India Railway (now known as CR and WR respectively).
Collapsing of Railways: With the arrival of World War I, the railways were used to meet the needs of the British outside India. With the end of the war, the railways were in a state of disrepair and collapse. Large scale corruption by British officials involved in the running of these railways companies was rampant. Profits were never reinvested in the development of British colonial India. In 1920, with the network having expanded to 61,220 km (38,040 mi), a need for central management was mooted by Sir William Acworth. Based on the East India Railway Committee chaired by Acworth, the government took over the management of the Railways and detached the finances of the Railways from other governmental revenues.The period between 1920 and 1929 was a period of economic boom; there were 41,000 mi (66,000 km) of railway lines serving the country; the railways represented a capital value of some 687 million sterling; and they carried over 620 million passengers and approximately 90 million tons of goods each year.

后來的發(fā)展：1904年，時(shí)任孟買總統(tǒng)府總工程師W.H White提出了鐵路網(wǎng)電氣化的想法。他提議對(duì)兩家總部位于孟買的公司進(jìn)行電氣化改造，即大印度半島鐵路和孟買巴羅達(dá)鐵路和印度中部鐵路(現(xiàn)在分別被稱為CR和WR)。
鐵路崩潰：隨著第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的到來，鐵路被用來滿足英國(guó)在印度以外的需求。隨著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)束，鐵路處于失修和坍塌的狀態(tài)。參與這些鐵路公司運(yùn)營(yíng)的英國(guó)官員的大規(guī)模腐敗十分猖獗。利潤(rùn)從未再投資于英國(guó)殖民地印度的發(fā)展。1920年，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)擴(kuò)展到61220公里（38040英里），威廉·阿克沃斯爵士提出了中央管理的必要性。在阿克沃斯主持的東印度鐵路委員會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)上，政府接管了鐵路的管理工作，并將鐵路的財(cái)務(wù)與其他政府收入分離。1920年至1929年期間是經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)期；有41000英里（66000公里）的鐵路線為該國(guó)服務(wù)；鐵路的資本價(jià)值約為6.87億英鎊；它們每年運(yùn)送超過6.2億名乘客和大約9000萬噸貨物。
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Following the Great Depression, the railways suffered economically for the next eight years. The Second World War severely crippled the railways. Starting in 1939, about 40% of the rolling stock including locomotives and coaches was taken to the Middle East. The railway workshops were converted to ammunition workshops and many railway tracks were dismantled to help the Allies in the war. By 1946, all railway systems had been taken over by the government.
The British Colonial Railways went to this state from a huge revenue collecting company to a debt ridden company. After the World War 2 British Colonial Railways lost 151 Billion Dollars.
Reason for shutdown: For the need of the British forces and it allies, about 1573 km of railway line was dismantled, almost all the locomotives were taken to the middle east for the services there. All the Railway Workshops were either closed or converted into ammunition factory. While the rolling stocks were dismantled for the need of metals in the war. Moreover the crippling corruption that has taken over the Railway system was also the one of the prime factor for the crippling of the Railways in India.

大蕭條之后，鐵路在接下來的八年里遭受了經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)使鐵路嚴(yán)重癱瘓。從1939年開始，包括火車頭在內(nèi)的大約40%的鐵路車輛被運(yùn)往中東。鐵路車廂被改建為彈藥車間，許多鐵軌被拆除，以幫助盟軍參與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。到1946年，所有的鐵路系統(tǒng)都被政府接管了。
英國(guó)殖民地鐵路公司（British Colonial Railways）從一家龐大的稅收公司發(fā)展成為一家負(fù)債累累的公司。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，英國(guó)殖民地鐵路公司損失了1510億美元。
停運(yùn)原因：為了英國(guó)軍隊(duì)及其盟友的需要，大約1573公里的鐵路線被拆除，幾乎所有的火車頭都被送往中東，在那里服役。所有的鐵路車間不是關(guān)閉了就是改成了彈藥廠。由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)需要金屬，鐵路車輛被拆除了。此外，接管鐵路系統(tǒng)的嚴(yán)重腐敗也是印度鐵路癱瘓的主要因素之一。

Indian Railways in 1909
Indian Railways: Following independence in 1947, India inherited a decrepit rail network.Many lines had to be rerouted through Indian territory and new lines had to be constructed to connect important cities such as Jammu. A total of 42 separate railway systems, including 32 lines owned by the former Indian princely states existed at the time of independence spanning a total of 55,000 km. These were amalgamated into the Indian Railways.In 1952, it was decided to replace the existing rail networks by zones. A total of six zones came into being in 1952. As India developed its economy, almost all railway production units started to be built indigenously. The Railways began to electrify its lines to AC. On 6 September 2003 six further zones were made from existing zones for administration purpose and one more zone added in 2006. The Indian Railways has now sixteen zones.
Asaf Ali did became the first Indian to hold the office of British Colonial Railways

1909年的印度鐵路
印度鐵路：1947年獨(dú)立后，印度繼承了一個(gè)破舊的鐵路網(wǎng)。許多線路不得不在印度領(lǐng)土上改道，并且必須建造新的線路來連接查謨等重要城市。獨(dú)立時(shí)，共有42個(gè)獨(dú)立的鐵路系統(tǒng)，包括32條在獨(dú)立時(shí)屬于前印度土邦的鐵路線，總長(zhǎng)5.5萬公里。這些鐵路系統(tǒng)被合并為印度鐵路。1952年，政府決定用區(qū)域取代現(xiàn)有的鐵路網(wǎng)。1952年共設(shè)立了6個(gè)特區(qū)。隨著印度經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，幾乎所有的鐵路生產(chǎn)單位都開始在本土建造。鐵路開始將其線路電氣化為交流電。2003年9月6日，在現(xiàn)有的行政區(qū)域基礎(chǔ)上又增加了六個(gè)區(qū)域，并于2006年增加了一個(gè)區(qū)域。印度鐵路現(xiàn)在有16個(gè)區(qū)域。
阿薩夫·阿里確實(shí)成為了第一個(gè)擔(dān)任英國(guó)殖民鐵路辦公室的印度人

Present Indian Railways: We are now worlds largest Railway system being operated by a single organisation, Ministry of Railways. Is the World’s 7th biggest employer with a work force of more than thousands.
Want to know about the story of Indian Railways, the period of transition of Indian Railways then do please watch this documentary of National Geography on Great Indian Railways:
I am proud of my Indian Railways.

目前的印度鐵路:我們現(xiàn)在是世界上最大的鐵路系統(tǒng)，由一個(gè)單一的組織——鐵道部運(yùn)營(yíng)，是世界第七大雇主，擁有數(shù)千名員工。
想了解印度鐵路的故事，印度鐵路的轉(zhuǎn)型期，請(qǐng)觀看這部關(guān)于大印度鐵路的國(guó)家地理紀(jì)錄片：《我為我的印度鐵路感到驕傲（I am proud of my Indian Railways）》。

Sam Niroula
What has been the 'Before Independence' and ' After Independence' scene for the Indian Railways?
Despite beginning life as a by-product of British colonial rule, India’s railways have come to define and shape the country over the course of the last century and a half. Tracks that were laid to boost a regime and fill the coffers of foreign investors evolved to support the country itself, forming a staggeringly vast network which you could call a jewel in the Indian crown.
1853-1869: Launching passenger rail services
Although rail services in India were initially proposed in the 1830s, historians cite 16 April 1853 as the kickstarter for India’s passenger rail revolution. On this date, the country’s first passenger train set off on a 34km journey between Bombay’s BoriBunder station and Thane. It consisted of 14 cars being hauled by three steam locomotives, and carried 400 passengers.

印度鐵路的“獨(dú)立前”和“獨(dú)立后”是什么場(chǎng)景？
盡管印度鐵路最初是英國(guó)殖民統(tǒng)治的副產(chǎn)品，但在過去的一個(gè)半世紀(jì)里，它已經(jīng)開始定義和塑造這個(gè)國(guó)家。這些鐵軌原本是為鞏固政權(quán)和填補(bǔ)外國(guó)投資者金庫而鋪設(shè)的，后來演變成支持這個(gè)國(guó)家本身，形成了一個(gè)驚人的龐大網(wǎng)絡(luò)，你可以稱之為印度皇冠上的一顆明珠。
1853-1869年：推出客運(yùn)鐵路服務(wù)
盡管印度的鐵路服務(wù)最初是在19世紀(jì)30年代提出的，但歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為1853年4月16日是印度客運(yùn)鐵路革命的開端。這一天，該國(guó)第一列客運(yùn)列車在孟買的BoriBunder站和塔那之間啟動(dòng)了34公里的旅程。它由三輛蒸汽機(jī)車牽引的14節(jié)車廂組成，可搭載400名乘客。
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The line was built through an alliance between the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR) – incorporated in 1849 – and the East India Company, which at that point ruled large swathes in India. Its success spurred subsequent launches of railways in Eastern India (1854) and South India (1856). Following the opening of the Calcutta-Delhi line in 1864 and the Allahabad-Jabalpur line in 1867, these lines were lixed with the GIPR to create a 4,000-mile network spanning the width of India.
This early era of passenger travel was primarily funded by private companies under a guarantee system created by the British Parliament, which ensured they would receive a certain rate of interest on their capital investment. In total, eight railway companies were established between 1855 and 1860, including Eastern India Railway, Great India Peninsula Company, Madras Railway, Bombay Baroda and Central India Railway.

這條線路是通過1849年成立的大印度半島鐵路（GIPR）和當(dāng)時(shí)統(tǒng)治印度大片地區(qū)的東印度公司聯(lián)盟建造的。它的成功促使隨后在印度東部（1854年）和南印度（1856年）開通了鐵路。1864年加爾各答至德里線和1867年阿拉哈巴德至賈巴爾普爾線開通后，這些線路與GIPR相連，形成了一個(gè)橫跨印度全境的4000英里網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
這一早期的客運(yùn)時(shí)代主要由私人公司根據(jù)英國(guó)議會(huì)建立的擔(dān)保制度提供資金，該制度確保他們的資本投資獲得一定的利率。1855年至1860年間，共成立了八家鐵路公司，包括東印度鐵路公司、大印度半島公司、馬德拉斯鐵路公司、孟買-巴羅達(dá)鐵路公司和中印度鐵路公司。

1869-1900: Famine and economic growth
Following the Indian rebellion of 1857 and the subsequent liquidation of the East India Company, the British Raj reigned supreme in India. From 1869-1881, it took control of railway construction from external contractors and increased expansion to help areas struck by famine after intense droughts in the country. The length of the network reached 9,000 miles by 1880, with lines snaking inward from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.
The 1890s saw the introduction of new passenger amenities, including toilets, gas lamps and electric lighting. By this point the popularity of the railways had skyrocketed and overcrowding led to the creation of a fourth class onboard. By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives and by 1896 was able to send its own experts and equipment to assist with the construction of the Uganda Railway.

1869-1900年：饑荒與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)
1857年印度叛亂和隨后東印度公司的清算之后，英國(guó)統(tǒng)治在印度至高無上。從1869-1881年，它從外部承包商手中接管了鐵路建設(shè)，并加大了擴(kuò)建力度，以幫助該國(guó)嚴(yán)重干旱后遭受饑荒的地區(qū)。到1880年，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)的長(zhǎng)度達(dá)到9000英里，線路從孟買、馬德拉斯和加爾各答三個(gè)主要港口城市蜿蜒向內(nèi)。
19世紀(jì)90年代引入了新的乘客設(shè)施，包括廁所、煤氣燈和電燈。此時(shí)，鐵路的受歡迎程度飆升，過度擁擠導(dǎo)致了四等車廂的出現(xiàn)。到1895年，印度開始建造自己的機(jī)車，到1896年，印度能夠派遣自己的專家和設(shè)備協(xié)助建設(shè)烏干達(dá)鐵路。

1901-1925: Moves towards centralisation
After years of construction and financial investment the railways finally began to make a profit in 1901. Nevertheless, it was during the early years of this century that the scale of government intervention increased dramatically. GIPR was the first company to become state-owned in 1900. By 1907, the government had purchased all major lines and began leasing them back to private operators.
The Railway Board was established in 1901, including a government official, an English railway manager and an agent of one of the company railways. In 1905, its powers were formalised by the government under then viceroy Lord Curzon, and the board has grown in size and prominence ever since. Movements were also made towards a more centralised management system, with both GIPR and East Indian Railways (EIR) being nationalised in 1923.
Nevertheless, World War I took its toll on Indian rail development, with production diverted to meet British requirements outside of India. By the end of the war, the network was in a state of disrepair, with many services restricted or downgraded. Railway finances were separated from the general budget in 1924, with the railway receiving its first individual dividend in 1925.

1901-1925年：走向中央集權(quán)
經(jīng)過多年的建設(shè)和財(cái)政投資，鐵路終于在1901年開始盈利。然而，正是在本世紀(jì)初，政府干預(yù)的規(guī)模急劇增加。GIPR是1900年第一家成為國(guó)有企業(yè)的公司。到1907年，政府已經(jīng)購買了所有主要線路，并開始將其租回私人運(yùn)營(yíng)商。
鐵路委員會(huì)成立于1901年，包括一名政府官員、一名英國(guó)鐵路經(jīng)理和一家鐵路公司的代理人。1905年，當(dāng)時(shí)的總督寇松勛爵領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的政府正式確立了董事會(huì)的權(quán)力，此后董事會(huì)的規(guī)模和知名度不斷擴(kuò)大。1923年，GIPR和東印度鐵路公司（EIR）都被國(guó)有化，這也促使管理系統(tǒng)更加集中。
盡管如此，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)對(duì)印度鐵路發(fā)展造成了影響，生產(chǎn)被轉(zhuǎn)移到印度以外的地方以滿足英國(guó)的要求。到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)，該鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)處于失修狀態(tài)，許多服務(wù)受到限制或遭遇降級(jí)。1924年，鐵路財(cái)政從一般預(yù)算中分離出來，1925年，鐵路獲得了第一筆個(gè)人股息。

1925-1946: Electrification and hard times
The first electric train ran between Bombay and Kurla on 3 February, 1925, setting a precedent for further electrification in the coming years. By 1929, the railway network had grown to an overall length of 66,000km and carried approximately 620 million passengers and 90 million tonnes of goods annually.
Nevertheless, in the last days of the British Raj, world events continued to play a role in rail activity. The economic depression kick-started by the Wall Street Crash resulted in INR11m being withdrawn from the railway reserve fund. Meanwhile, World War II also stymied railway development, as wagons were extensively commandeered for military movements.

1925-1946年：電氣化和艱難時(shí)期
1925年2月3日，第一列電氣化火車在孟買和庫拉之間運(yùn)行，開創(chuàng)了未來幾年進(jìn)一步電氣化的先例。到1929年，鐵路網(wǎng)全長(zhǎng)6.6萬公里，每年運(yùn)送約6.2億乘客和9000萬噸貨物。
盡管如此，在英國(guó)統(tǒng)治的最后幾天，世界性事件繼續(xù)在鐵路活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮作用。華爾街崩盤引發(fā)的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條導(dǎo)致1100萬印度盧比從鐵路儲(chǔ)備基金中被提取。與此同時(shí)，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)也阻礙了鐵路的發(fā)展，因?yàn)樨涇嚤粡V泛征用用于軍事行動(dòng)。

1947-1980: Partition
In 1947, the departure of Britain split the nation in two, causing a ripple effect across the railways as more than 40% of the network was lost to the newly created Pakistan. Two major lines, the Bengal Assam and North Western Railway, were divvied up and isolated from the Indian rail system. In the post-partition furore, violent mobs damaged railway infrastructure and attacked trains carrying refugees.
A few years later, Indian Railways set about manifesting its own destiny, acquiring the majority of control over railway franchises in 1949-1950. In 1951-1952, it began reorganising the network into zones. The first train between India and Pakistan, the Samihauta Express, began running between Amritsar and Lahore in 1976.
Moving into the latter half of the 20th century, the railways increasingly made steps towards modernisation. Colonial-era locomotives were replaced with state-of-the art trains, while moves to adopt 25kv AC traction in the 1950s drove set off a new drive towards electrification.

1947年至1980年：分區(qū)
1947年，英國(guó)的離開將國(guó)家一分為二，造成了鐵路方面的連鎖反應(yīng)，超過40%的鐵路網(wǎng)被新建立的巴基斯坦所取代。孟加拉-阿薩姆邦和西北鐵路這兩條主要線路被分割，并與印度鐵路系統(tǒng)隔離。在分治后的暴亂中，暴力暴徒破壞了鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，襲擊了載有難民的火車。
幾年后，印度鐵路公司開始展現(xiàn)自己的命運(yùn)，在1949-1950年獲得了鐵路特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)的大部分控制權(quán)。1951-1952年，它開始將網(wǎng)絡(luò)按區(qū)域重組。1976年，印度和巴基斯坦之間的第一列火車Samihuta特快列車開始在阿姆利則和拉合爾之間運(yùn)行。
進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后半葉，鐵路越來越多地走向現(xiàn)代化。殖民時(shí)代的機(jī)車被最先進(jìn)的列車取代，而20世紀(jì)50年代采用25千伏交流牽引的舉措引發(fā)了電氣化的新潮流。

1980-2000: Technology and phasing out steam
The 1980s saw a complete phase-out of steam locomotives, as electrification was spurred on by energy crises in the 1970s. Around 4,500km of track was electrified between 1980 and 1990. Meanwhile, India’s first metro system opened in Calcutta in 1984.
Though economic stagnation and political upheaval blocked growth of the network in the 80s, the 90s saw the opening of the Konkan Railway; a 738km behemoth connecting the western coast of India with the rest of the country.
However, the major revolution of the period came from the world of computing. In particular, the Indian Railways online passenger reservation system was launched in 1985 and gradually introduced at Delhi, Madras, Bombay and Calcutta. This was designed to allow passengers to reserve and cancel accommodation on any train from any terminal – a vital boon for passengers – and was extended with the introduction of the country-wide network of computerised enhanced reservation and ticketing (CONCERT) in 1995.

1980-2000年：科技發(fā)展和逐步淘汰蒸汽
20世紀(jì)80年代，由于20世紀(jì)70年代的能源危機(jī)刺激了電氣化，蒸汽機(jī)車全面淘汰。1980年至1990年間，約4500公里的軌道實(shí)現(xiàn)了電氣化。與此同時(shí)，印度第一個(gè)地鐵系統(tǒng)于1984年在加爾各答開通。
盡管80年代經(jīng)濟(jì)停滯和政治動(dòng)蕩阻礙了鐵路網(wǎng)的發(fā)展，但90年代康坎鐵路開通了;這條長(zhǎng)738公里的龐然大物連接著印度西海岸和該國(guó)其他地區(qū)。
然而，這一時(shí)期的重大革命來自計(jì)算機(jī)世界。特別是，印度鐵路公司于1985年推出了在線乘客預(yù)訂系統(tǒng)，并在德里、馬德拉斯、孟買和加爾各答逐步推出。這項(xiàng)服務(wù)的目的是允許乘客在任何終點(diǎn)站的任何火車上預(yù)訂和取消車票，這對(duì)乘客來說是一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的福利。1995年，全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的電腦化增強(qiáng)預(yù)訂和售票網(wǎng)絡(luò)(CONCERT)的引入擴(kuò)展了這一服務(wù)。

原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處