Quora問答 :為啥中國不發(fā)掘秦始皇陵？世界網(wǎng)友各抒己見

Why won't the Chinese government open the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor?

2021-11-08 鹽兆 58072 80 11 收藏糾錯&舉報

譯文簡介

有網(wǎng)友在美國知乎Quora上提問：為啥中國不發(fā)掘秦始皇陵？海外網(wǎng)友們紛紛各抒己見，雖有不盡合理之處，亦足作一消遣文章。

正文翻譯

為啥中國不發(fā)掘秦始皇陵？

評論翻譯

Dang Yu'ang:
When they were first found in the tomb, they were colored, and after only a few minutes of contact with the air, they began to fade and soon lost their colour completely. All the terra-cotta warriors you see have gone through the whole process. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are just one of the mysteries of qin shi huang's tomb. There are too many secrets. Humans don't have enough technology to protect them. So the researchers of qin shihuang mausoleum gave up this huge temptation. They hope that future humans will have good enough technology to protect all the secrets of qin shihuang's tomb rather than destroy them.

從陵墓里面發(fā)掘出來的兵馬俑是彩色的，然而僅僅接觸空氣幾分鐘之后，它們就開始逐漸地褪色，很快色彩就會完全消失，所有你看到的兵馬俑都遭遇了這一過程。兵馬俑只是秦始皇陵的秘藏之一，陵墓中還有許多其它的寶藏。人類目前沒有足夠先進(jìn)的技術(shù)來保護(hù)它們（在被發(fā)掘的過程中不損壞）。（考古工作者們）希望未來的人們可以有足夠先進(jìn)的技術(shù)來保護(hù)好秦始皇陵的寶藏，而不是因為技術(shù)不到位而損壞到它。
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Kate Scott：
I remember seeing one terracotta archer on display at the site near Xi’an who still has a couple of small patches of colour, he’s been under protective glass ever since he was unearthed.

我記得在西安附近的一個的遺址，看到過一個展覽中的兵馬俑弓箭手，他的表面仍然還存有一些色彩的斑斑點點。據(jù)說自從出土以后，這個兵馬俑就被安置在一個用來保護(hù)的玻璃罩里面。

Ben Morley：
I’ve also heard there are traps and a lake of mercury, which could be deadly if it’s fuming the tomb. They want to wait until the tech is viable to safely excavate the tomb with everything intact.

我還聽說那里有很多機(jī)關(guān)陷阱以及水銀湖，水銀在陵墓里面的揮發(fā)是致命的。他們（考古工作者）想等技術(shù)發(fā)展到足夠安全地發(fā)掘陵墓且不破壞任何東西的地步，再去發(fā)掘秦始皇陵。

Including the archaeologists sent in to work on the tomb. Can’t have them joining the Emperor in the Afterlife.

包括那些被派到陵墓中工作的考古學(xué)家，不能讓他們在往生之后加入皇帝的麾下。

Tim Palmerston：
Of course there are traps, a lake of mercury, and a sea of world-destroying acid from the very seven hells. How else are you supposed to ward off potential grave robbers but with promises of death?

那里當(dāng)然會有機(jī)關(guān)陷阱，水銀匯成的湖，來自七層地獄的滅世毒酸所聚成的海洋。否則除了必死的詛咒，你還有什么方法能夠嚇退潛在的盜墓者？

Norman Tan：
People also thought a whole army buried to guard the tomb as just a legend. Then some peasant fell into the pit when digging for a well and they found the terracotta warriors. They have tested the soil from the tomb mound and found elevated levels of mercury.

根據(jù)傳說，人們還猜測有一整支軍隊被葬在下面，用來保護(hù)陵墓。某個農(nóng)民在挖井的時候跌落到了坑里，隨之大家發(fā)現(xiàn)了兵馬俑。他們檢測了陵墓的土壤，然后發(fā)現(xiàn)了土壤里的汞含量是偏高的。
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Jeff Chan：
That’s the difference between the Chinese and the West. When the Chinese say they can wait, they don’t mean two or three years.

這就是中國人和西方人的區(qū)別，當(dāng)中國人說他們可以等待的時候，他們指的可不是等個兩三年。
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They mean two or three generations. Same goes for stability and economics.

他們是打算是等個兩三代人的時間。在穩(wěn)定和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，他們也是如此（有耐心）

Stephen West：
This isn't really a China vs West thing. Not everything is. This is just doing good archaeology. In America too, many ancient sites that are found are simply documented and left untouched, or reburied to preserve the site. Especially Native American burial sites are a very touchy subject and treated with care. Often an excavation where a dead body is found will be completely abandoned, because the descendent groups request it.

這真的和中國vs西方無關(guān)，并不是所有的事情的原因都是（可以歸咎于中西方差異的）。他們能夠耐心等待僅僅是為了做好考古工作（而非其它原因）。在美國也是這樣，許多古代的遺跡被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，人們僅僅是做好記錄工作然后不去動它，或者為了保護(hù)遺跡而把它重新掩埋起來。尤其是美國原住民的墓地遺跡是非常敏感的話題，需要謹(jǐn)慎對待。
通常情況下，發(fā)掘過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)遺體之后，由于原住民后裔團(tuán)體的要求，將會禁止挖掘下去。
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In the event that a site is important enough to warrant a historical monument, sometimes the real site is left underground and a replica is built on top (E.g. Kuaua Pueblo). Although I will concede, many archaeological sites are excavated and destroyed in the process. Some people care less than others.

如果一個遺址足夠重要，值得建立歷史紀(jì)念碑，人們有時會把真正的遺址留在地下，而在上面建一個復(fù)制品（例如Kuaua Pueblo）。雖然我承認(rèn)，許多考古遺址在挖掘過程中被破壞，因為有些人不太注意這一點。

David Seto：
Yes in Italy there’s a lot of places untouched too many people live on top of Roman sites. The partially burned scrolls from villa of papyri are unopened and unread until X-ray tech improves to read them.

是的，在意大利，有很多地方?jīng)]有被挖掘，太多的人住在羅馬遺址的上面。從宮殿里挖出來的被貨燒過的古卷殘本一直沒有被打開過，直到X射線技術(shù)得到改進(jìn)之后，才能去閱讀上面的內(nèi)容。

Lynita Otero：
I completely agree.

我完全同意。

Jimmie Hicks：
Then you are completely wrong.

那你完全搞錯了。

Edgar W. Webb：
Our reluctance to take the long view is an endemic failing regarding so many things about our government/society.

我們不愿放眼長遠(yuǎn)的習(xí)慣，是政府/社會在很多事情的處理的一個普遍性的缺陷。

The Super Collider Tunnel in Texas could have taught us so much about Quantum Physics but we wasted fortunes abandoning that before it could even begin its mission, the space program’s been st… (more)

德克薩斯州的超級對撞機(jī)隧道本可以讓我們獲得很多量子物理相關(guān)的知識，但我們在它甚至可以開始執(zhí)行任務(wù)之前就放棄了它，浪費了大量的財富，太空計劃一直在拖延...(還有更多的例子)。

Klaus Hubbertz：
BINGO! A Chinese official once touring in Germany was told that this and that institution was founded in 1834. His reply: BC or AD???… They definitively DO have another perception of time and their own place in history!!

正確! 曾經(jīng)有一位中國官員在德國旅游，有人向他介紹某個機(jī)構(gòu)是成立于1834年的。結(jié)果他反問道："公元前1834年還是公元后1834年？？？......他們對時間的概念，對自己的歷史定位的概念，肯定是和我們不一樣的！

Kris Wren：
The Terra Cotta Warriors in Xian are amazing. Our family visited there last year. What’s even more amazing is the painstaking detail that the archeologists take in restoring the Warriors back together. They do this at night so as not to be disturbed by the millions of visitors each year. There are three pits now with thousands of warriors, and it may be that are up to a million Warriors buried over the countryside. As you look out from where the three pits are, you can see, many miles away, the mountain where the emperor lies. Our guide advised us that the tomb will not be open until the technology catches up so they can enter the tomb without damaging what is inside. They look at the long game and are aware that it may be a hundred years from now before it’s ever opened.

西安的兵馬俑非常令人震撼，去年我們一家去參觀過那里。更令人驚訝的是考古學(xué)家在修復(fù)兵馬俑的過程中所作出的細(xì)致入微/不辭辛苦的工作。他們每次都是在晚上進(jìn)行修復(fù)工作，這樣就可以避開每年百萬計的游客的干擾。現(xiàn)在有三個兵馬俑坑，里面有幾千個兵馬俑。然后，可能還有高達(dá)百萬數(shù)量的兵馬俑還被埋藏在鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)。當(dāng)你從這三個兵馬俑坑的位置張望，你可以看到很遠(yuǎn)處的一座山，那就是帝王沉睡的地方。我們的向?qū)Ц嬖V我們，目前人們不會發(fā)掘秦始皇陵墓，只能等科技發(fā)展到能讓人在不破壞陵墓內(nèi)部的前提下進(jìn)入其中，才會開始發(fā)掘。

Irene Fuerst：
“Originally, the figures were painted with: ground precious stones, intensely fired bones (white), pigments of iron oxide (dark red), cinnabar (red), malachite (green), azurite (blue), charcoal (black), cinnabar barium copper silicate mix (Chinese purple or Han purple), tree sap from a nearby source, (more than likely from the Chinese lacquer tree) (brown). Other colors including pink, lilac and one unknown color. The colored lacquer finish and individual facial features would have given the figures a realistic feel, with eyebrows and facial hair in black and the faces done in pink.” Wikipedia

"最初，這些兵馬俑是用：磨碎的寶石、高度燒制的骨頭（白色）、氧化鐵（暗紅色）、朱砂（紅色）、孔雀石（綠色）、天青石（藍(lán)色）、木炭（黑色）、朱砂鋇銅硅酸鹽混合物（中國紫或漢人紫）、來自附近的樹液（很可能來自中國漆樹）（褐色）等顏料繪制的。其他顏色包括粉紅色、丁香色和一種未知的顏色。彩色的漆面和個人的面部特征會給人物帶來真實的感覺，眉毛和面部的頭發(fā)是黑色的，臉部是粉紅色的"。維基百科

I think the colors flaked off after excavation. Greek statues were also painted in ancient times.

我認(rèn)為這些顏料是在兵馬俑被發(fā)掘后剝落的。希臘的雕像在古時候也是有上色的。
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Michael Moldenhauer：
The question is, has any progress been made toward such in the years and decades since this decision was made? Or will we sooner develop antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion than the ability to simply open up a frigging tomb without disturbing it too much?

問題是，在作出（暫不發(fā)掘的）這一決定后的數(shù)年和數(shù)十年里，是否在技術(shù)方面取得了任何進(jìn)展？還是說相比簡單地打開一個該死的墳?zāi)骨也粚?nèi)部造成太大損壞，我們會更快地開發(fā)出反物質(zhì)催化的核脈沖推進(jìn)器，？

Felix Jin：
I would like to state one thing: the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang were unintentionally discovered, and the subsequent excavations were to protect these historical heritages from being damaged by grave robbers. Yes, we will not dig our ancestors' graves in order to discover some amazing artifacts.

我得澄清一件事：秦始皇的兵馬俑是無意中被發(fā)現(xiàn)的，并且隨后的發(fā)掘工作是為了保護(hù)這些歷史遺產(chǎn)免受盜墓者的損壞。是的，我們不會為了尋找某些珍貴的文物而去挖掘我們祖先的墳?zāi)埂?/b>

Chad Swanson：
When I visited historic sites in China, I often got told management decisions by the guides that didn’t make a lot of sense. The reason not to open Qin’s tomb was one of them.

當(dāng)我在中國參觀歷史遺跡時，我經(jīng)常被導(dǎo)游告知一些沒有太大意義的管理決策。不開放秦始皇陵墓的原因就是其中之一。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

As many have said on here, I was told that when the first Terracotta Warriors were unearthed in 1974, they had colour that was quickly lost when exposed to the air. This made archaeologists concerned that they would not be able to excavate the Qin’s tomb with current technology without damaging the artefacts.

正如許多人回答的那樣，導(dǎo)游告訴我，當(dāng)1974年第一批兵馬俑出土?xí)r，它們暴露在空氣中的顏色很快就消失。這讓考古學(xué)家們擔(dān)心，以目前的技術(shù)，他們無法在不損害文物的情況下完成發(fā)掘秦始皇陵。

For about 5 minutes, it seemed like a good explanation but then I wondered why the Terracotta Warriors were still being excavated when the problem of air exposure still hadn’t been solved. I also wondered how they were expecting to solve the technological obstacles of protecting artefacts in the tomb if they didn’t know what was there and completed no preliminary excavations to ascertain what problems needed to be solved.

剛聽完他的解釋，我覺得這似乎是一個很好的理由，但后來我反應(yīng)過來，想知道為什么在空氣暴露的問題還沒有解決的情況下，他們還繼續(xù)挖掘兵馬俑。我還想知道，如果他們不知道秦始皇陵里面到底有什么，也沒有完成初步的挖掘工作以確定需要解決的問題，他們?nèi)绾纹谕鉀Q保護(hù)墓中文物的技術(shù)障礙。

Jason Yang：
As a Chinese person, I don't quite agree to what you said up there. Firstly, I don't think the Terracotta warriors are still being unearthed. In fact, a considerable portion is protected for fear that those colored warriors would undergo rapid oxidization and become earth-like the moment they are excavated. If you go visit the Terracotta warriors in Xi’an, you would notice, apart from the greyish warriors on display, there are vast stretches of ground under which lie the unearthed warriors.

我是中國人，我不太同意你在上面所說的話。首先，我不認(rèn)為秦始皇兵馬俑的發(fā)掘工作還在進(jìn)行中。事實上，相當(dāng)一部分被保護(hù)起來了，因為擔(dān)心那些彩色的兵馬俑一出土就會迅速氧化，變得像土一樣。如果你去參觀西安的秦始皇兵馬俑，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，除了展出的灰白色的兵馬俑之外，還有大片的區(qū)域里面放的是還沒出土的兵馬俑。

Then you said China has the technology needed to excavate this tomb now. In fact, back in the 1970s (correct me if am wrong, because I only saw the documentary about this tomb once), with the help of advanced radar detection from Germany, experts found beneath the surface of this tomb, there is a vast network of mercury rivers and lakes supposedly used to protect the body of QinShihuang and his treasures. Once people enter the interior of the tomb, mercury would vaporize and finds its way into the lungs of the trespassers, causing immediate death. Also there are countless traps and devices (as recorded in the ancient archives) to take account of.

然后你說中國現(xiàn)在有挖掘這個墓的技術(shù)。事實上，早在20世紀(jì)70年代（如果我錯了，請糾正我，因為我只看過一次關(guān)于這個墓的紀(jì)錄片），在德國先進(jìn)的雷達(dá)探測技術(shù)的幫助下，專家們發(fā)現(xiàn)在這個墓的里面，有一個巨大的水銀匯成的河流和湖泊，據(jù)說是用來保護(hù)秦始皇的身體和他的寶物。一旦人們進(jìn)入陵墓內(nèi)部，水銀就會汽化，并進(jìn)入闖入者的肺部，導(dǎo)致他們立即死亡。此外，還有無數(shù)的陷阱和裝置（如古代檔案中的記錄那樣）需要考慮。

Thirdly, even if Chinese government has the cutting edge technology to unearth QinShihuang tomb, we Chinese people would still not consider doing it. Because, apart from the treasures inside the tomb, there is a collective dream buried underneath, a dream of the first Chinese emperor to unify China, a pioneering spirit to make China powerful. We want to preserve this dream, and, by striving hard as a nation, realize this dream.

第三，即使中國政府有能夠發(fā)掘秦始皇陵的尖端技術(shù)，我們中國人也不會考慮這樣做。因為，除了墓里的寶藏，下面還埋藏著一個集體的夢想，一個作為第一個一統(tǒng)天下的皇帝的夢想，一個讓中國強(qiáng)大的開拓精神。我們要保留這個夢想，并通過整個民族的努力奮斗，實現(xiàn)這個夢想。

Yugan Talovich：
Think of the responsibility of opening this tomb! There must be countless treasures within, but there are also countless problems involved in opening a tomb that has been still for over two thousand years.

想一想打開這個墳?zāi)沟呢?zé)任吧! 里面一定有無數(shù)的寶藏，但要打開一個封存了兩千多年的墳?zāi)?，也會隨之產(chǎn)生數(shù)不清的問題。
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The fear is that with today’s technology, opening the tomb and exposing the contents to today’s environment may destroy things and lose irreplaceable artifacts and facts (by facts, I mean more intangible facts we can learn from. The terra cotta figures were originally colored, but the colors faded quickly once that pit was opened, some before the details could be recorded, which means knowledge lost forever.)

大家擔(dān)心的是，以現(xiàn)在的技術(shù)，打開墓穴并將里面的東西暴露在今天的環(huán)境中，可能會破壞里面的物體，我們會失去舉世無雙的文物和事實(我說的事實是指我們可以學(xué)習(xí)的更多無形的事實。兵馬俑原本是有顏色的，但是一旦那個坑被打開，顏色就會迅速褪去，有些細(xì)節(jié)還沒來得及記錄，這就意味著相關(guān)的知識永遠(yuǎn)消失了）。

Have you noticed that Chinese are patient, and take the long term view? The idea is, the tomb has been there for a long time, it’ll keep another couple decades or generations or centuries until it can be opened safely. In the meantime, there’s more than enough to study from what has already been opened.

你有沒有注意到，中國人很有耐心，而且從長遠(yuǎn)的角度看問題？他們的想法是，古墓已經(jīng)存在了很長時間，它還會保持幾十年、幾代人或幾個世紀(jì)，直到它可以被安全地打開。在這等待的期間，已經(jīng)發(fā)掘出來的東西已經(jīng)夠他們研究的了。

Miao Master：
Why won't the Chinese government open the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor?

為什么中國政府不打開秦始皇陵墓？

Official reason:

官方的回答：

In 1957, the government of China, the tomb of Emperor Wanli Emperor was excavated. There were opponents to the proposal from the archeological community, but they were ultimately overruled . Then, when the archeological team finally found the right tomb, due to inadequate experience and technology, they saw artifacts literally disintegrating before their eyes. Thereafter, the Chinese archeological community has held the principle that they will not actively excavate imperial tombs.

1957年，中國政府對萬歷皇帝的陵墓進(jìn)行了發(fā)掘?？脊沤缬腥朔磳@一提議，但他們的意見沒有被采納。然后，當(dāng)考古隊終于找到正確的墓穴時，由于經(jīng)驗和技術(shù)的不足，他們親眼看到文物在他們面前變得支離破碎。此后，中國考古界一直堅持不主動發(fā)掘帝王陵墓的原則。

The discovery of the tomb of Qin Shi Huang was an accident, so they excavated what they could, to protect valuable artifacts from thieves. Further excavation will not be done until technology advances to preserve what might be found.

秦始皇墓的發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個意外，所以他們挖掘了他們可以挖掘的東西，以保護(hù)有價值的文物不被盜賊偷走。除非技術(shù)進(jìn)步到能保護(hù)可能發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西，否則不會再進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步挖掘。

Unofficial reason:

非官方的回答：

It’s too expensive. The tomb is very large. About 98 square kilometres. It took 3 decades to build. They're still finding new things outside of the terracotta army.[2] So large scale excavation will be very very expensive.

花費太貴了。墓穴非常大，大約有98平方公里。這個陵墓花了30年的時間才被建造出來。他們一直有發(fā)現(xiàn)除了兵馬俑之外的新東西，所以大規(guī)模的挖掘?qū)⒒ㄙM不菲。

Superstitious reason:

迷信的原因：
Qin Shi Huang is called the Oldest Dragon (祖龍) - He is the first emperor. It's already taboo to dig up graves. There’s a rumour floating around that says excavation of his tomb would damage/alter the fate of the nation in a terri-bad way. This sounds like one of those conspiracy theories.
秦始皇被稱為 "祖龍"--他是第一個皇帝。挖掘墳?zāi)贡緛砭褪且环N禁忌，而坊間流傳著一個謠言，說挖掘祖龍的墳?zāi)箷茐?改變國家的命運，是一件非常糟糕的事。這聽起來像是一種陰謀論。
（譯者：堅決反對封建迷信！）

Leo Ong：
There are many reasons to this but the main ones are as follows :

有許多的原因，但是主要原因如下所示：

air quality in the tomb is believed to be different from the current air quality and opening the tomb can result in either one or both of the following:A) disintegration/ decay of some of the paints/ colorings or worse still, a large part of the tomb itself. B) possible presence of virus which may be deadly( similar to the case of Tutankhamen )
Possible presence of deadly defense mechanisms which can deem it difficult for anyone who goes inside the tomb.

人們認(rèn)為墓穴中的空氣質(zhì)量與目前的空氣質(zhì)量不同，打開墓穴可能會導(dǎo)致以下一個或兩個結(jié)果：A）一些涂料/著色劑的瓦解/腐爛，或者更糟糕的結(jié)果是，墓穴本身的很大一部分會瓦解/腐爛。B) 可能存在致命的病毒（類似于圖坦卡門的案例）?？赡艽嬖谥旅姆烙鶛C(jī)制，讓人們難以進(jìn)入到陵墓里面。

Japanese and American specialists have offered their services to the Chinese government but in return, they want to have a portion of the tomb or something along these lines . However, this will not be possible in China as such tombs are classified as National Treasures.

日本和美國的專家已經(jīng)向中國政府提供了他們的服務(wù)，但作為回報，他們希望得到墓葬的一部分或類似的東西。然而，這在中國是不可能的，因為這種墓葬被列為國家寶藏。

There is also the presence of mercury in the tomb, which is used to simulate rivers and lakes in the afterlife of Qin Shi Huang. This can also prove toxic and lethal to whoever enters the tomb.
There are many more reasons to why but the above are the general reasons for now.

墓中還存在水銀，用于模擬秦始皇死后世界的河流和湖泊。這對進(jìn)入墳?zāi)沟娜耸怯卸竞椭旅摹?br /> 還有很多原因，但以上是目前所知的大概原因。

Rui Zhang ：
The reason why China does not excavate the tomb of Qin Shihuang is mainly because of the lack of technology. Archaeology is based on protective excavation rather than active excavation.

中國不發(fā)掘秦始皇墓的原因主要是缺乏技術(shù)?？脊艑W(xué)是以保護(hù)性發(fā)掘為主，而不是主動發(fā)掘。

1. Avoid oxidative fragmentation of precious cultural relics, the color on the cultural relics will fade, especially the cultural relics such as pottery figurines and silk.

1. 避免珍貴文物被氧化破碎，文物上的顏色會變淡，尤其是陶俑、絲綢等文物。

2. In order to better protect ancient cultural relics and remains for future generations.

2. 為了更好地保護(hù)古文物和遺跡，留給下一代。

3. Lessons unearthed from the Ming Tombs

3.從發(fā)掘明陵學(xué)習(xí)到的教訓(xùn)

中國 秦始皇陵

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