?優(yōu)等生怎么學(xué)習(xí)(上)

Denise Eng, Biochemistry BSc King's College Ldn, Biomedical Sci MRes Imperial College Ldn
I am not a top student.
Yet at exam time at uni, my classmates would always be the ones asking me last minute questions regarding the topics. So I’d like to say that I had a measure of command of a topic, at least at university.
I must say that I really struggled to complete my studies (Both Bachelors and Masters) due to depression. That has coloured my experience and possibly why I did not do as well as I had. In secondary school and junior college (high school) I was not a top student. I was in one of the elite schools in Singapore. No matter how smart you are, a scholar will always do better. When you are at the top, it is immensely difficult to stay there (bottom of top 5% is still top 5%… but they make you feel terrible for being at the “bottom”).
Also, when you are in high school and university, you are a different person as you have matured. Don’t beat yourself up too hard for not being able to do more or be at the top. It’s not worth it and doesn’t define you. I’m not the smartest but carry two degrees from two of the best universities in the world.
Lots of people have written about attending classes and so on. So I’ll focus more on other things.
Study smart, not hard. There are strategies to employ to do as well as you can even if you are not at the top. Choose what suits you instead of copying all of these.
Know yourself and your study skills. Are you a visual/aural person? Do you learn best by writing? Talking? Singing? Do you feel your brain works best when you are walking outside? Do you like to draw? There is plenty of evidence that handwritten notes are better than typewritten notes for remembering a topic. But if your writing sucks, then.. My point is, find what works for you. Pro tip: even if you remember best by writing. Don’t copy the whole textbook. It’s an admirable endeavour but I have seen my classmates do it and wonder why they didn’t do well.

丹尼斯·恩，英國(guó)國(guó)王學(xué)院生物化學(xué)學(xué)士，英國(guó)帝國(guó)理工學(xué)院生物醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)博士。
我不是優(yōu)等生。
然而在大學(xué)快要考試的時(shí)候，我的同學(xué)總是在考試前的最后一刻問(wèn)我這個(gè)問(wèn)題。通常，我想說(shuō)，至少在大學(xué)里，我對(duì)某個(gè)科目是有一定的把握的。
我必須說(shuō)，由于抑郁癥，我真的很難完成我的學(xué)士和碩士的研究。這影響了我的經(jīng)歷，也可能這就是我沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)得那么好的原因。在讀中學(xué)和大專（高中）時(shí)我不是優(yōu)等生。我曾在新加坡的一所精英學(xué)校上學(xué)。不管你有多聰明，總有一個(gè)學(xué)者總是會(huì)比你做得更好。當(dāng)你處在頂端時(shí)，你會(huì)很難一直保持在那里（盡管頂端底部的5%依舊算作頂端中的5%，但是這也會(huì)讓你為處于“底部”而感到恐慌）。
此外，當(dāng)你在高中和大學(xué)時(shí)，因?yàn)槟阋呀?jīng)成熟了，所以你會(huì)變成一個(gè)和以前不同的人。不要因?yàn)樽约鹤霾坏礁嗷蚴遣荒苷驹谧罡邔佣^(guò)于自責(zé)。這不值得你去這么想，這也不能定義你（就是差勁的）。我不是最聰明的，但我擁有世界上最好的兩所大學(xué)的兩個(gè)學(xué)位。
很多人都寫(xiě)過(guò)關(guān)于上課之類的東西。所以我的側(cè)重點(diǎn)在一些其他的事情上。
聰明地學(xué)習(xí)，而不是努力學(xué)習(xí)。即使你不在最高層，也有一些策略可以讓你盡你的全力去做到最好。選擇適合你的，而不是抄襲所有的這些學(xué)習(xí)方法。
了解自己和你自己的學(xué)習(xí)技巧。你是一個(gè)善于觀察的人還是一個(gè)更喜歡傾聽(tīng)的人呢？你的寫(xiě)作是你學(xué)得最好的課程嗎？（你喜歡）說(shuō)話？（還是喜歡）唱歌？當(dāng)你在外面散步時(shí)，你覺(jué)得你的大腦工作得最好嗎？你喜歡畫(huà)畫(huà)嗎？有大量證據(jù)表明，手寫(xiě)筆記比電子筆記更能讓人記住。但如果你的寫(xiě)作很爛，那么，我的意思是，去找到適合你的學(xué)習(xí)方法。專業(yè)提示：即使你通過(guò)手寫(xiě)筆記，對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的記憶是最好的，但是不要把整本教科書(shū)都抄下來(lái)。手寫(xiě)筆記真的很令人欽佩，我看到過(guò)我的同學(xué)這樣做，但我不知道為什么他們做得不好。

Note-taking is a precious, precious skill. Once you hit on something that works for you - you’ve hit the jackpot. This skill will carry you in the rest of life.
By way of example: I’ve always been a bit of a pedantic idiot. I thought that notes were text only and that one should use limited colours so that you can immediately see what stands out. I thought that cartoons were too childish for notes. Obviously this is wrong! I loved drawing and it was actually really painful to keep my notes “clean” of drawings. You know what? After I allowed myself to do whatever the heck I wanted and *gasp* had fun taking notes, I did better! A picture says a thousand words, and I am a visual person. Glancing at a cartoon was so much better than reading a chunk of text for me.
Everyone is different. Why limit yourself to the same note-taking style?
Topic Summaries These things are your best friends. Try your best to summarise each chapter/topic on a single A4 sheet. Sounds hard? That’s where the learning is. By summarising a topic, you get a bird’s eye view of the chapter and it helps you see how everything fits together. Topic summaries are worth doing, and even doing again to revise. You’ll surprise yourself by being able to summarise a topic on a blank sheet of paper without once looking at the textbook. That’s like a “mini-exam” and how you know you understand something.
If you know you have some topics in the bag, and understand the grading structure - then get ready to do some math. By following the grading structure, you can more or less estimate how well you need to do for your weaker subjects. In this case, I’m talking about how to survive, not be at the top. By focusing on the best topics first, you can be sure to get as many marks as you can for those so that when averaged out with your worst scores, you won’t fall so badly.

記筆記是一項(xiàng)寶貴的技能。一旦你找到適合你的東西，你就會(huì)像是中了頭獎(jiǎng)一樣。這項(xiàng)技能將使你終生受益。
舉個(gè)例子：我一直是個(gè)有點(diǎn)迂腐的白癡。我認(rèn)為筆記只是一些文本內(nèi)容，我們應(yīng)該用一些有顏色的彩筆（標(biāo)記出重點(diǎn)），這樣你就可以標(biāo)記那些重點(diǎn)。我覺(jué)得用卡通的形式來(lái)做筆記太幼稚了。但顯然這是錯(cuò)誤的！我喜歡畫(huà)畫(huà)，實(shí)際上，讓我筆記上的圖畫(huà)保持“干凈”是非常痛苦的。你知道嗎？當(dāng)我允許自己做任何我想做的事，并且享受記筆記的樂(lè)趣之后，我做得更好了！一圖勝千言，我是一個(gè)視覺(jué)化的人。對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，看一幅漫畫(huà)比讀一大段文字要好得多。
每個(gè)人都不一樣。為什么要把自己限制在同樣的筆記風(fēng)格上？
這些東西是你最好的朋友。盡量在一張A4紙上總結(jié)每個(gè)章節(jié)/主題。這聽(tīng)起來(lái)很難？這就是我們需要學(xué)習(xí)的地方。通過(guò)總結(jié)一個(gè)主題，你可以對(duì)整個(gè)章節(jié)有一個(gè)大致的了解，這有助于你了解所有內(nèi)容是如何結(jié)合在一起的。專題總結(jié)是很值得你去做的，你甚至可以再做一次修改。不用看課本，你就能在一張白紙上總結(jié)出一個(gè)話題，這會(huì)讓你自己都大吃一驚。這就像是一個(gè)“迷你考試”，能讓你明白你是否學(xué)懂了這些知識(shí)。
如果你知道了你掌握了哪些題目，并且理解了評(píng)分結(jié)構(gòu)，那么就準(zhǔn)備好做一些數(shù)學(xué)題吧。通過(guò)遵循評(píng)分的結(jié)構(gòu)，你可以或多或少地估計(jì)出你需要為較弱的科目付出多少努力。在這種情況下，我說(shuō)的是如何通過(guò)考試，而不是如何讓你考到前列。先把注意力集中在最好做的題目上，你就一定能得到盡可能多的分?jǐn)?shù)，這樣最差的分?jǐn)?shù)經(jīng)過(guò)綜合平均后，你就不會(huì)顯得考那么慘了。

Contradiction: Study for your worst topics first. This is because you will run out of energy/stamina at some point when studying during exam season. Starting with the worst topics when you are still fresh ensures you can maximise your performance for these topics. Your best subjects are your best for a reason. These are the things you can do well with your eyes closed - why spend more energy on a smaller amount of improvement, when you can spend the same energy and achieve greater improvement? Raising your average never hurts.
Mean, lean Exam-taking Machine For everything that the Singapore Education System has done to my psyche, I have to say that there were a few benefits: exams don’t scare me. You want to know why? It’s because we start taking serious exams with serious names like CA1, SA1 (Semestral Assessment 1) from the age of 7, (I don’t know if they still do it, but they did when I was 7) - and we do so many (practice) exams that it’s almost a hobby. (Some people still freak out over exams, but that’s because of what everyone says about how your life will be ruined if you are not at the top - which is a half-truth Also refer to Ryan Tanaka’s answer.)
I still remember being sick with gastric flu as an 8 year old kid. I was too sick to sit with the other kids, but I sat in the school office and did my math exam whilst concerned teachers left me mugs of hot water, tissues, and a bin in case I wanted to throw up. I finished that damn exam. At that time, if you didn’t get 100% for primary school exams, there’s something wrong with you (I only got 91% if you wanted to know). Just to give you an idea of what it was like.
Then there was this beast, called the TYS. Ask any Singaporean student who has studied in a Ministry of Education school about the TYS. Everyone will know what it is called. TYS stands for Ten Year Series. It is a published book of the last ten years’ worth of (mathematics in my case) exam papers. Teachers told us that if you completed the book once, you will pass. To do well, you must complete the book twice. This is bordering on rote learning, which I disapprove of except for studying for languages because you can’t get away from it there.

矛盾：先研究你最糟糕的那個(gè)科目。這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)你在考試季學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，你總會(huì)在某些時(shí)候耗盡你的精力/耐力。在你還不熟悉的時(shí)候，從最糟糕的科目開(kāi)始，可以確保你在這些科目上的進(jìn)步最大化。你最好的科目之所以是你拿手的是有原因的。這些都是你閉上眼睛都能做好的事情——既然你能花同樣的精力取得更大的進(jìn)步，為什么還要把更多的精力花在更小的進(jìn)步上呢？這對(duì)提高你的平均分?jǐn)?shù)不會(huì)有什么壞處。
我的意思是，變成精干的應(yīng)試機(jī)器是新加坡教育系統(tǒng)對(duì)我的心理造成的影響，我不得不說(shuō)這樣也有一些好處：考試不會(huì)嚇到我。你想知道為什么嗎？這是因?yàn)槲覀儚?歲開(kāi)始進(jìn)行一些名字很嚴(yán)肅的考試，比如CA1，SA1（學(xué)期評(píng)估1）（我不知道現(xiàn)在是否還在這樣做，但我7歲的時(shí)候的確就是這樣做的）。我們進(jìn)行了很多（練習(xí)）考試，幾乎（讓考試）成了一種愛(ài)好（但因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都會(huì)對(duì)你說(shuō)如果你不在頂尖，你的生活會(huì)被毀掉，所以有些人仍然對(duì)考試感到恐懼——這只是半個(gè)事實(shí)。另請(qǐng)參閱瑞安·田中的答案）。
我還記得我8歲時(shí)患過(guò)胃流感。我病得很重，不能和其他孩子坐在一起，于是我坐在了學(xué)校的辦公室進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)考試，而關(guān)心我的老師留給我一大杯熱水、紙巾和一個(gè)垃圾桶，以防我想吐。我完成了那該死的考試。那時(shí)候，如果你的小學(xué)考試沒(méi)有考到100分，那你就有問(wèn)題了（如果你想知道我的成績(jī)的話，我只考了91分）。我說(shuō)這個(gè)只是想讓你知道當(dāng)時(shí)的情況。
然后有一只“野獸”，叫TYS。你去問(wèn)任何在教育部學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)的新加坡學(xué)生關(guān)于TYS的情況。每個(gè)人都會(huì)知道它TYS代表十年系列。這是一本最近十年出版的（我主要是做數(shù)學(xué)的那一本）試卷的書(shū)。老師告訴我們，如果你把這本書(shū)做完了一次，你就會(huì)及格。（但如果你想）要考得更好，你必須把這本書(shū)做兩遍。這幾乎是死記硬背，但只有學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言才免不了要死記硬背，所以除非是學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言，其他的我不贊成死記硬背。

In Singapore, we even buy last year’s papers from the top schools and do those. Once we finished the top schools, we would continue our way down the good schools. Selling examination papers is a lucrative business.
You wanted to know how we studied, right?
When I was in university, I had a rude shock - there were no past year papers. How could I succeed if I didn’t know what the examination format was beforehand? It was then that I realised that knowing the subject was more important than understanding the exam format and all the other crazy strategies of calculating scores down to the last point.
Still, when you aren’t afraid of exams, you have a clear mind when sitting at that little desk with your plastic bag of pencils. A clear mind and a calm heart is more valuable than that white wall of panic that every student has experienced. So there is some value in working on not being afraid of exams.
How to not be afraid of exams, the smart way. Confidence comes from your confidence in how much you have studied, right? But what if you haven’t studied as much as you’d like? Then it’s down to mindset and attitude on the day. Tell yourself “I’ve done what I can, I’ll get what I can - if I do the best with what I have”.
Story time again! I was in the exam hall for one of my worst topics (physiology) for the first year of uni. We were supposed to pick 3 questions from 5 and write short essays for each of them. Because I had question spotted (don’t do this… unless desperate), I found that I had only prepared for 2 out of those 5! I had a shaky third question, but because I had some knowledge of it (as opposed to ZERO for the other questions), I just went for it. I wrote everything I could, even though I knew it was A-level info and not the stuff I’d learned at uni. (By the way, I did International A levels, so it had nothing to do with the insanity of Singapore A levels, which I was spared) - it turned out OK. Not the best, but better than failing if I had only done 2 questions.

在新加坡，我們甚至從頂尖學(xué)校買了去年的試卷，然后做這些。一旦我們完成了頂尖學(xué)校的學(xué)業(yè)，我們將繼續(xù)沿著好學(xué)校的道路前進(jìn)。賣試卷也是一項(xiàng)有利可圖的生意。
你想知道我們是怎么學(xué)習(xí)的，對(duì)吧？
當(dāng)我在大學(xué)的時(shí)候，我非常地震驚——我們沒(méi)有前一年的考試試卷。如果我事先不知道考試的形式，我怎么能考得好呢？就在那時(shí)，我意識(shí)到學(xué)懂這門(mén)學(xué)科比了解考試形式和所有其他瘋狂的計(jì)分策略更重要。
不過(guò)，當(dāng)你不怕考試的時(shí)候，當(dāng)你坐在那張小書(shū)桌旁，手里拿著裝著鉛筆的塑料袋的時(shí)候，你的頭腦還是很清醒的。一個(gè)清醒的頭腦和一顆平靜的心比每個(gè)學(xué)生都經(jīng)歷過(guò)的那堵白色恐慌墻會(huì)更有助于考試。因此，努力做到不怕考試是有一定價(jià)值的。
如何不害怕考試呢，用聰明的方法。自信，來(lái)自于你對(duì)自己所學(xué)知識(shí)的自信，對(duì)吧？但是如果你沒(méi)有像你想的那樣認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)呢？接下來(lái)就要看當(dāng)天的心態(tài)和態(tài)度。告訴自己“我已經(jīng)做了我能做的，如果我盡我所能做到最好，我會(huì)得到我應(yīng)得的分?jǐn)?shù)”。
這兒有一個(gè)故事：大學(xué)一年級(jí)，我在考試季上攻讀了我最差的一個(gè)科目（生理學(xué)）。我們要從5個(gè)問(wèn)題中選出3個(gè)問(wèn)題，并為每個(gè)問(wèn)題寫(xiě)一篇短文。然后我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)問(wèn)題，我發(fā)現(xiàn)我只準(zhǔn)備了這5個(gè)問(wèn)題中的2個(gè)！我有一個(gè)不確定的第三個(gè)問(wèn)題，但因?yàn)槲覍?duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題還是有一定地了解（而不是像其他問(wèn)題一樣，我一點(diǎn)都不了解那些），我還是把不確定的這個(gè)問(wèn)題寫(xiě)了。我寫(xiě)了我能寫(xiě)的所有東西，盡管我知道這是A級(jí)水平的信息，而不是我在大學(xué)學(xué)到的東西（順便說(shuō)一句，我參加了國(guó)際A級(jí)考試，所以這和我幸免沒(méi)有參加的新加坡A級(jí)考試沒(méi)有關(guān)系）——結(jié)果還好。雖然不是最好的，但這比因?yàn)槲抑蛔隽藘蓚€(gè)問(wèn)題而失敗要好一些。

My point is that you can still manage with what you have. Have a calm measure of where you are at. Don’t worry about what you don’t have when you are sitting at that desk. Worry about what you have, and use as much of your ammo as you can. There are plenty of sites out there with exam tips like “get lots of sleep” and “take care of yourself” so you can refer to those for that.
Every subject is different, so your approach will be different. Practising math questions over and over works better than practising literature questions over and over. Reading the literature text works better than just reading the math methods. Topic summaries for each topic will look different. Some will require memorisation of important formula, some will require an understanding of basic principles. Don’t limit yourself. You will need this arsenal of varying study skills for later, they are worth cultivating.
Don’t friggin’ copy homework. This is plagiarism and students have been expelled over this because it is that serious. Do your own work. There’s a reason why that person you are copying your work from has done better than you (unless they copied from someone else). Being able to complete and submit work on time is actually a life-skill. So when you are doing that “pointless” assignment, think about what you are actually doing.
Conclusion: of course the best way to succeed would be to have a good foundation of knowledge in your topic and have developed good study skills even before the exam. But there are still methods you can use to get through as best as you can.

我的觀點(diǎn)是你仍然可以冷靜地衡量你現(xiàn)在的處境。當(dāng)你坐在那張桌子旁時(shí)，不要擔(dān)心你沒(méi)有什么。而去擔(dān)心你有什么，盡可能多地使用你的彈藥（知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備）。有很多網(wǎng)站都有提示考試技巧，比如“多睡覺(jué)”和“照顧好自己”，所以你可以參考這些。
每個(gè)科目都不一樣，所以你的方法會(huì)不同。反復(fù)練習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)題比反復(fù)練習(xí)文學(xué)題效果更好。閱讀文學(xué)文本比僅僅閱讀數(shù)學(xué)方法效果更好。每個(gè)主題的總結(jié)都會(huì)有些不同。有些需要記住重要的公式，有些需要理解基本的原理。不要限制住自己。你以后會(huì)需要各種各樣的學(xué)習(xí)技巧，它們（這些學(xué)習(xí)技巧）是值得你去掌握的。
別抄作業(yè)。這是剽竊，是嚴(yán)重的事情，學(xué)生們因此被開(kāi)除。自己做作業(yè)。你抄襲的人比你做得好是有原因的（除非他們抄襲別人的）。能夠按時(shí)完成并提交作業(yè)實(shí)際上是一種生活技能。所以當(dāng)你在做那些“毫無(wú)意義”的作業(yè)時(shí)，想想你實(shí)際上在做什么。
結(jié)論：當(dāng)然，成功的最好方法是有良好的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)讓你能很好地完成題目，甚至在考試前就已經(jīng)養(yǎng)成了良好的學(xué)習(xí)技能。但仍然有一些方法可以讓你盡可能地通過(guò)考試。

Elias Svensson, Engineering Student, Chalmers University of Technology
As a college student I've discovered and developed a couple of methods and heuristics that have allowed me to learn very effectively. By practicing these I do not need to attend classes and therefore have more free time to pursue more knowledge in Computer Science through books and online courses, among other things.
A couple of the methods I practice are based on scientific studies. Other heuristics I've developed myself and are basically based on logic. Any feedback or critique is more than welcome, since it would be a great opportunity to improve them if need be!
So, to the methods:
* 80/20 Analysis: Approach learning a subject through an 80/20 analysis, asking what 20% or less of the input could lead to 80% or more of the output? E.g. to learn a language, ask what 20% or less of the total vocabulary is used 80% or more of the time in the language? Focus on learning these 20% for any given task, it is usually remarkably sufficient to achieve your goals. Further reading: Pareto principle
* Spaced repetition: Use flash-cards with spaced repetition for two reasons. One, learning has been found to happen best by testing/quizzing. And two, spaced repetition is an incredibly effective way to go through material quickly, and to retain it with minimal work. Further reading: Spaced repetition. *Highly* recommended app (web, computer and smartphone app available): Anki - powerful, intelligent flashcards
* Pomodoro: The actual day to day grind of studying can become very tiresome and volatile if you simply work in sessions based on your daily motivation and discipline. Using the pomodoro technique, you're much more inclined to stay fresh and alx even through a whole day of studying. Further reading: http://pomodorotechnique.com/
And so, to the heuristics of learning.

埃利亞斯·斯文森，查爾默斯技術(shù)大學(xué)工學(xué)系學(xué)生。
作為一名大學(xué)生，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些方法和啟發(fā)，能夠讓我非常有效地學(xué)習(xí)。通過(guò)練習(xí)這些，我不需要上課，因此有更多的空閑時(shí)間通過(guò)書(shū)本和在線課程等學(xué)習(xí)更多的計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)知識(shí)。
我實(shí)踐的一些方法是基于科學(xué)研究的。我自己開(kāi)發(fā)的其他啟發(fā)方法基本上是基于邏輯的。任何反饋或批評(píng)我都很樂(lè)意接受，如果需要的話，這將是一個(gè)很好的機(jī)會(huì)去改善它們！
因此，下列方法：
二八分析法：通過(guò)80/20分析來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)學(xué)科，有人會(huì)問(wèn)為什么20%或更少的投入會(huì)導(dǎo)致80%或更多的產(chǎn)出？例如，為了學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)語(yǔ)言，你會(huì)問(wèn)，在這門(mén)語(yǔ)言中，有沒(méi)有20%或更少的詞匯量能夠在80%甚至更多的時(shí)間里被使用？在任何給定的任務(wù)中集中20%的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)，就通常足以顯著地實(shí)現(xiàn)你的目標(biāo)。補(bǔ)充閱讀：帕累托原理。
間隔重復(fù)：使用間隔記憶卡片有兩個(gè)原因。第一，通過(guò)測(cè)試/測(cè)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)（用間隔記憶卡片）學(xué)習(xí)效果最好。第二，間隔重復(fù)是一種非常有效的方法，可以讓你快速地瀏覽材料，并以最少的功夫去記住它們。補(bǔ)充閱讀：間隔重復(fù)有關(guān)并強(qiáng)烈推薦應(yīng)用程序（網(wǎng)絡(luò)、電腦和智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序可用）：Anki-功能強(qiáng)大的智能抽認(rèn)卡。
波莫多羅（一種番茄計(jì)時(shí)器）：如果你只是在你每天的動(dòng)力和紀(jì)律的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，那么日復(fù)一日的學(xué)習(xí)就會(huì)變得非常乏味和不穩(wěn)定。使用番茄工作法，即使經(jīng)過(guò)一整天的學(xué)習(xí)，你也能保持頭腦清醒。補(bǔ)充閱讀：http://pomodorotechnique.com/。
接下來(lái)，是關(guān)于我對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的啟發(fā)。

* To learn a subject, first learn the vocabulary: If we view knowledge of a subject as a huge set of data, and ask ourselves if there is a subset of data that we can acquire that gives us actionable access to the rest of the data, what is the answer? Vocabulary. If I were to ask you to cook a meal that you've never cooked before, say Swedish meatballs and brown sauce á la IKEA, then you probably would be able to do it if I handed you a cookbook with the recipe. Why? You probably know and understand every individual term, the vocabulary, used in the recipe like "meat", "salt" and "frying pan". But if I were to ask someone who hasn't read a calculus course to take the integral of a function, simply handing them the formula probably will not be enough to allow them to do it. Why? It is really the same question, "Please perform these set of steps to give me the result I desire". The difference between being able to perform the actions lies within understanding the vocabulary of the subject. Once you understand the vocabulary of calculus, it is no different to find how to take an integral of a function to cooking Swedish meatballs.
* To learn something, you must teach it: If I were to define a heuristic of when someone knows something, it would be if he or she can teach the concept. Teaching requires being able to exemplify a general definition of a concept, as well as from an example extrapolate which general principles are at work. In other words, I'd say that you know a concept if you can state the it's abstract definition, and give a simple example of when how the concept is (or could be) applied in the real world. If this is the endgame you are striving for, then learning simply becomes an optimization process of sexting a concept, finding it's definition and work out simple examples concretely illustrating the concept. E.g. to learn the concept "Gravity", the definition is (wikipedia:) "Newton's law of universal gravitation states that any two bodies in the Universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.", and a simple example of this is "Dropping an apple from your hand allows the earth and apple to attract each other, causing the apple to fall to the ground.". It might sound banal, but once you try to do this for ever more advanced concepts, you'll realize how powerful this simple method is. (Related: How to Learn Anything Faster With The Feynman Technique)
To summarize, I've focused on the What and Why of learning in this answer, and it still got very exhaustive. If anybody is more interested in the How-to of applying these methods and heuristics, then I'll gladly share my thoughts in the comments.
Thanks for reading!

要學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)學(xué)科，首先要學(xué)習(xí)詞匯：如果我們把一門(mén)學(xué)科的知識(shí)看作是一個(gè)龐大的數(shù)據(jù)集，并捫心自問(wèn)，是否有一部分我們可以獲得的數(shù)據(jù)能夠讓我們對(duì)其余的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行可操作的訪問(wèn)，那么答案是什么？是詞匯。如果我讓你做一頓你以前從未做過(guò)的飯，比如說(shuō)瑞典肉丸和宜家的紅醬，那么如果我遞給你一本食譜，你可能就能做到。為什么？你可能知道并理解食譜中的每一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)、詞匯，比如“肉”、“鹽”和“煎鍋”。但是如果我讓一個(gè)沒(méi)有讀過(guò)微積分課程的人去學(xué)習(xí)函數(shù)的積分，僅僅給他們公式可能不足以讓他們?nèi)プ?。為什么？這兩個(gè)就是同樣問(wèn)題，“請(qǐng)執(zhí)行這些步驟，然后給我我想要的結(jié)果”。在能夠執(zhí)行這些動(dòng)作之間的區(qū)別在于理解主題的詞匯。一旦你了解了關(guān)于微積分的詞匯，你甚至可以如同找到如何用函數(shù)的積分一樣來(lái)烹飪?nèi)鸬淙馔枇恕?br /> 要想學(xué)到東西，你必須要能夠教授別人這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：如果我要定義一個(gè)啟發(fā)式，即某人知道某事，那么意思就是他或她能夠教授這個(gè)概念。教學(xué)需要能夠舉例說(shuō)明一個(gè)概念的一般定義，以及從一個(gè)例子中推斷出哪些一般原則在其中起作用。換言之，如果你能陳述一個(gè)概念的抽象定義，并給出一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子，說(shuō)明這個(gè)概念在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中是如何（或可能）應(yīng)用的，那么你就算是真正了解這個(gè)概念了。如果這是你努力追求的結(jié)局，那么學(xué)習(xí)就變成了一個(gè)概念選擇的優(yōu)化過(guò)程，找到它的定義，并用簡(jiǎn)單的例子具體說(shuō)明這個(gè)概念。例如，為了學(xué)習(xí)“引力”的概念，它的定義是（來(lái)自維基百科）：“牛頓萬(wàn)有引力定律指出，宇宙中的任何兩個(gè)物體相互吸引的力與它們質(zhì)量的乘積成正比，與它們之間距離的平方成反比?！币粋€(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子是“從你手上扔下一個(gè)蘋(píng)果會(huì)讓地球和蘋(píng)果互相吸引，導(dǎo)致蘋(píng)果掉到地上?！边@聽(tīng)起來(lái)可能很普通，但一旦你嘗試為一些更高級(jí)的概念這樣做（下定義并且舉一個(gè)例子），你就會(huì)意識(shí)到這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方法是多么強(qiáng)大（相關(guān)內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充：如何用費(fèi)曼技巧更快地學(xué)習(xí)）。
總而言之，我在這個(gè)回答中重點(diǎn)討論了學(xué)習(xí)“是什么”以及“為什么”要學(xué)，而且非常詳盡。如果有人對(duì)如何應(yīng)用這些方法和啟發(fā)式更感興趣，那么我很樂(lè)意在評(píng)論中分享我的想法。
感謝閱讀！

Nico van Wijk, Top writer 2018
I think my perspective on this one might be different than most based on the admittedly limited sample size that has graced my feed.
For context, I sat the Cambridge international examinations. I achieved 8 A* stars at IGCSE with studying only the night before each paper and then 5 A* at A levels (including one taken early and skipping a year of formal classes) with roughly two weeks of study before exam time and very minimal homework/classwork conpleted throughout the year. I definitely do not my recommend my study style for everyone nor am I confident that it will help me survive University so am probably planning to adjust. But anyway, that’s enough rambling. Onto what got me through high school.
Rather than rely on “study” before an exam, I focused on understanding concepts during class, not memorising, understanding. Very often in tests, I would forget formulas and methods but be able to rederive or resolve a way to a solution due to logical thinking and a core comprehension of underlying principles.
When teachers were speaking, I never took any notes. Instead I focused on listening. And asking questions. Lots of questions. Of course I didn’t understand absolutely everything straight away. Sometimes I’d have to explore my thoughts and I’m make sure to explore them thoroughly, taking time to discuss with the teacher until I reached a point where I understood.
Also I preferred to spend class time discussing or explaining rather than doing worksheets. By my final years, all of my teachers allowed me to sext the amount of physical work I actually did since they knew I had an alternate preferred learning style. If I didn’t see any benefit from my homework, I would tell my teacher as much.
When it came time to actually study for exams. I always started by reading my course syllabuses. I would go through point by point and make sure that I understood every single topic. If there were any that I was unsure of, I would browse the internet and research until I was confident.
The next step was reading examiner’s reports (potentially a Cambridge curriculum only thing?). I found these documents online and analysed the common mistakes and misconceptions from previous students to make sure that I would not repeat them.
Finally, in the hours/days before I sat my paper, I would practise past papers. Both through timing myself/writing them out and quickly scanning through with mental answering to get through papers in bulk. I would of course take special mental note on my own mistakes so I did not repeat them.
Hope that helps. :D

尼科·范威克，2018年度最佳作家。
基于我對(duì)有限的樣本容量的看法，我認(rèn)為我對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的看法可能不同于大多數(shù)人。
背景是，我參加了劍橋國(guó)際考試。如果我只在每個(gè)考試的前一天晚上學(xué)習(xí)，我在IGCSE的成績(jī)是8個(gè)A*星，如果我在考試前大約兩周學(xué)習(xí)，我得到的是5個(gè)A*（包括提前學(xué)習(xí)和跳過(guò)一年的正式課程），我全年完成的家庭作業(yè)/課堂作業(yè)非常少。我絕對(duì)不建議我為每個(gè)人推薦我的學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格，我也不相信它能幫助我在大學(xué)里生存，所以我可能會(huì)計(jì)劃調(diào)整一下。好吧，閑聊就先到這里。（接下來(lái)讓我們聊聊）是什么讓我度過(guò)高中的。
我沒(méi)有依賴于在考試前的“學(xué)習(xí)”，而是在課堂上專注于理解概念，不是記憶、而是理解。在測(cè)試中，我經(jīng)常會(huì)忘記公式和方法，但由于邏輯思維和對(duì)基本原理的核心理解，我能夠重新推算或者得到解決方法的答案。
老師講話時(shí)，我從不做筆記。相反，我專注于傾聽(tīng)。問(wèn)老師問(wèn)題。我有很多問(wèn)題。當(dāng)然，我不是一下子就完全明白了一切。有時(shí)，我不得不去探索我的想法，我一定要徹底地探索它們，我會(huì)去花時(shí)間與老師討論，直到我達(dá)到我能夠理解這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的程度。
而且我更喜歡在課堂上討論或解釋，而不是做作業(yè)。到了我高中最后幾年，因?yàn)槲业睦蠋焸兌贾牢矣辛硪环N更喜歡的學(xué)習(xí)方式，所以他們都允許我自行選擇我實(shí)際做作業(yè)的數(shù)量。如果我看不出我的作業(yè)對(duì)我的學(xué)習(xí)有任何好處，我也會(huì)告訴我的老師。
到了真正為考試而學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候。我總是從閱讀課程大綱開(kāi)始。我會(huì)逐點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)，確保我理解了每一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。如果有什么我不確定的，我會(huì)上網(wǎng)搜索，直到我有信心（完全理解了它）。
下一步是閱讀考官的報(bào)告（這可能是劍橋唯一的課程？）。我在網(wǎng)上找到了這些文件，并分析了以前學(xué)生的常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤，以確保我不會(huì)向他們一樣再犯錯(cuò)。
最后，在我考試前的幾小時(shí)/幾天里，我會(huì)復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)去的試卷。通過(guò)給自己計(jì)時(shí)把它們寫(xiě)出來(lái)，然后快速地掃視一遍，在心中作答，以便瀏覽完大量的試卷。我當(dāng)然會(huì)特別注意我自己的錯(cuò)誤，所以我不會(huì)重復(fù)犯錯(cuò)。
希望我的這些話對(duì)你們有幫助。