為什么波斯在古代一直當(dāng)失敗者？他們輸給了希臘人，馬其頓人和羅馬人

Why does Persia seem like the constant loser of the Classical period? They lost to the Greeks, the Macedonians, and the Romans.

2021-03-19 青丘國(guó)的守護(hù)者 20829 87 3 收藏糾錯(cuò)&舉報(bào)

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網(wǎng)友：你在開(kāi)玩笑嗎？說(shuō)波斯人在古代是經(jīng)常性的輸家，這當(dāng)然是錯(cuò)的。就算他們被擊敗過(guò)，他們大多數(shù)時(shí)候也是贏家。我們之所以如此多地聽(tīng)到他們的失敗，是因?yàn)閷?duì)于波斯來(lái)說(shuō)，失敗是非常罕見(jiàn)和令人驚訝的......

正文翻譯

Why does Persia seem like the constant loser of the Classical period? They lost to the Greeks, the Macedonians, and the Romans.

為什么波斯在古代一直當(dāng)失敗者？他們輸給了希臘人，馬其頓人和羅馬人。

評(píng)論翻譯

Spencer McDaniel
B.A. Classical Studies & History, Indiana University Bloomington (2022)
You are kidding, right? The Persians were not the “constant loser of the Classical Period.” If anything, they were near-constant winners. The only reason why we hear so much about their defeats is because of how rare and astonishing such defeats were. The Persians were so powerful that, whenever someone actually beat them, they always made sure to make a big deal about it.

你在開(kāi)玩笑嗎？說(shuō)波斯人在古代是經(jīng)常性的輸家，這當(dāng)然是錯(cuò)的。就算他們被擊敗過(guò)，他們大多數(shù)時(shí)候也是贏家。我們之所以如此多地聽(tīng)到他們的失敗，是因?yàn)閷?duì)于波斯來(lái)說(shuō)，失敗是非常罕見(jiàn)和令人驚訝的。波斯人非常強(qiáng)大，以至于每當(dāng)有人真正擊敗他們時(shí)，勝利者總是會(huì)對(duì)此大做文章。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

The Achaemenid Empire was forged through years of Persian victories and conquests. In 546 BC, the Achaemenid Persians under Cyrus II the Great decisively defeated King Kroisos of the Lydian Empire and conquered his whole domain. In 539 BC, the Achaemenid Persians under Cyrus decisively defeated and conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire, annexing all of its territory.

波斯通過(guò)不斷的勝利和擴(kuò)張征服建立了阿契美尼德王朝。公元前546年，居魯士二世（居魯士大帝）統(tǒng)治下的阿契美尼德王朝的波斯人徹底擊敗了呂底亞王國(guó)的克洛伊索斯國(guó)王（ Kroisos），并征服了其整個(gè)領(lǐng)地。公元前539年，居魯士統(tǒng)治下的阿契美尼德王朝徹底地?fù)魯〔⒄鞣诵掳捅葌惖蹏?guó)，吞并了它的全部領(lǐng)土。
（譯注：波斯阿契美尼德王朝又被稱為波斯第一帝國(guó)，是古波斯地區(qū)第一個(gè)橫跨歐亞非三洲的帝國(guó)。極盛時(shí)期的領(lǐng)土疆域，東起印度河平原、帕米爾高原，南到埃及、利比亞，西至小亞細(xì)亞、巴爾干半島，北達(dá)高加索山脈、咸海。與公元前330年，被亞歷山大大帝征服滅亡。
譯注：居魯士大帝：即居魯士二世，本是伊朗西南部一個(gè)小首領(lǐng)，經(jīng)過(guò)一系列的征戰(zhàn)打敗了3個(gè)帝國(guó)，即米底，呂底亞，新巴比倫，統(tǒng)一了大部分的古中東地區(qū)，建立了從印度到地中海的特大帝國(guó)，當(dāng)代伊朗人將居魯士尊稱為“伊朗國(guó)父”。）
呂底亞（小亞細(xì)亞中西部古國(guó)（公元前1200 - 公元前546年，國(guó)祚六百五十余載），呂底亞財(cái)力雄厚，其末代君主克洛伊索斯，主動(dòng)出擊波斯帝國(guó)，但是遇到的是波斯居魯士大帝，棋逢對(duì)手，身俘國(guó)滅。）

In 525 BC, the Achaemenid Persians under Cyrus II’s successor Cambyses II conquered Egypt, which was ruled by Pharaoh Psamtik III, and added it to their growing empire. Further conquests were made by Darius I, who expanded the empire into Europe. The Persians seemingly won victory after victory. To the Greeks, they seemed like an unstoppable war machine. Many Greek city-states simply surrendered to the Persians without even giving a fight because they knew they did not stand a chance against Persia’s unstoppable might.

公元前525年，在居魯士大帝的繼任者岡比西斯二世的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，阿契美尼德王朝波斯人征服了非洲的埃及，擊敗了埃及第二十六王朝末代法老王普薩美提克三世，并將埃及變成了他們?nèi)找鎵汛蟮牡蹏?guó)的一部分。之后，大流士一世開(kāi)啟了進(jìn)一步的征服，并把帝國(guó)擴(kuò)張到了歐洲。波斯人似乎贏得了一次又一次的勝利。在希臘人看來(lái)，他們就像一臺(tái)無(wú)法阻擋的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)機(jī)器。許多希臘城邦一兵不出，直接就向波斯人投降，因?yàn)樗麄冎浪麄儧](méi)有機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)抗波斯不可阻擋的力量。
（譯注：岡比西斯二世其父居魯士大帝。征服埃及，迫使昔蘭尼和利比亞臣服，版圖擴(kuò)張至北非。后在入侵埃塞俄比亞和古實(shí)王國(guó)時(shí)相繼受挫，岡二世回國(guó)平叛，在途中神秘死去。
（譯注：埃及法老普薩美提克三世：結(jié)局凄慘，被岡比俘虜，子被處死，女兒成奴，朋友變乞，這些都被帶到他面前測(cè)試他的反應(yīng)，但是他只對(duì)朋友變成乞丐憤怒，最后被免死，獲得優(yōu)待，后因策劃謀反，被岡二世下令灌喝牛血而死。
譯注：大流士一世：波斯帝國(guó)第三位皇帝，出身于阿朝波斯皇族旁系，岡二世的親侄子。曾隨岡二世遠(yuǎn)征埃及，被任命為萬(wàn)人不死軍的總指揮，岡二世神秘死亡后稱王，繼位一年之內(nèi)鏟除八方諸侯，統(tǒng)一波斯，并對(duì)外擴(kuò)張到了歐洲和印度。他自稱為“萬(wàn)王之王，萬(wàn)國(guó)之王”，后世尊稱為“鐵血大帝”。）

ABOVE: Map from Wikimedia Commons depicting the expansion of the Persian Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus II, Cambyses II, and Darius I

上圖：維基公共地圖描繪了在居魯士大帝、岡比西斯二世和大流士一世統(tǒng)治下波斯阿契美尼德王朝的擴(kuò)張。
(上圖中，綠色為居魯士大帝時(shí)期，藍(lán)色為肛門二世的擴(kuò)張，紅色為大流士一世的繼續(xù)擴(kuò)張。）

The Greek cities who resisted the Persians were not uniformly successful. People forget that, immediately before the Persians confronted the Athenians in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, they sacked and burned the city of Eretria in Euboia. The Spartans and other Greeks may have fought valiantly in the Battle of Thermopylai, which took place during the Second Persian Invasion of Greece in 480 BC, but that does not change the fact that the battle was still an unambiguous victory for the Persians.

抵抗波斯人的希臘城邦并不是一帆風(fēng)順的。人們忘記了，在公元前490年的馬拉松戰(zhàn)役中，即在波斯人面對(duì)雅典人之前，他們洗劫并燒毀了尤卑亞的埃雷特里亞城。斯巴達(dá)人和其他希臘人可能在公元前480年第二次波斯入侵希臘期間的溫泉關(guān)戰(zhàn)役中英勇作戰(zhàn)，但這并沒(méi)有改變這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)役仍然是波斯人明確的勝利這一事實(shí)。
（譯注：溫泉關(guān)戰(zhàn)役是希波戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的一次著名戰(zhàn)役，也是西方歷史上一次重要的戰(zhàn)役，具有極高的歷史意義和軍事意義。希臘邦國(guó)斯巴達(dá)的國(guó)王列奧尼達(dá)一世率領(lǐng)三百名斯巴達(dá)精銳戰(zhàn)士與部分希臘城邦聯(lián)軍于溫泉關(guān)抵抗波斯帝國(guó)，成功拖延波斯軍隊(duì)進(jìn)攻，爭(zhēng)取到雅典及其他城邦準(zhǔn)備戰(zhàn)役的寶貴時(shí)間，為之后希臘的勝利立下大功。但因寡不敵眾，三百名（一說(shuō)298）斯巴達(dá)戰(zhàn)士及殿后的志愿軍全部陣亡，列奧尼達(dá)被梟首。）

During that invasion, the Persians sacked and burned the already-evacuated city of Athens itself before the Athenians finally defeated them in the Battle of Salamis. Even after the Greeks drove the Persians out of Europe, the Persians still remained the dominant imperial power and still continued to meddle in Greek affairs, funding one Greek city-state and then another to ensure none of them got too powerful.

在那次入侵中，波斯人對(duì)已經(jīng)撤離了市民的雅典城進(jìn)行了洗劫和毀滅，即使在薩拉米斯戰(zhàn)役之后，希臘人把波斯人趕出了歐洲，波斯帝國(guó)的力量仍然主導(dǎo)著這些地區(qū)，仍然繼續(xù)干涉希臘事務(wù)，資助了一個(gè)又一個(gè)的希臘城邦，以確保他們中的任何一個(gè)都不會(huì)變得太強(qiáng)。

The reason the Greeks made such a big deal about having defeated Persia was not because the Persians were weak and easily defeated, but rather for the opposite reason: because they had defeated an enemy that had previously seemed totally undefeatable.

希臘人戰(zhàn)勝波斯，變得如此出名，并不是因?yàn)椴ㄋ谷塑浫醵菀妆淮驍?，而是因?yàn)橄喾吹脑?，即他們打敗了一個(gè)以前似乎完全無(wú)法戰(zhàn)勝的敵人。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

ABOVE: Map from Wikimedia Commons showing the Greek world during the Greco-Persian Wars

上圖：來(lái)自維基公共地圖，顯示了希波戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間的希臘

Sure, Alexander the Great did eventually conquer the Achaemenid Empire, but that was partially because he got extraordinarily lucky. Alexander happened to attack just as the Persians were in the midst of a period of major political instability and when the Persians were under the leadership of Darius III, who was both a mediocre ruler and a mediocre commander. Alexander’s victory was also partly a result of the fact that he was an extraordinary strategic genius.

當(dāng)然，亞歷山大大帝最終征服了波斯帝國(guó)，但這在一定程度上是因?yàn)樗浅Ｐ疫\(yùn)。因?yàn)閬啔v山大攻打波斯人的時(shí)候，波斯人正處于重大的政治動(dòng)蕩時(shí)期。而當(dāng)時(shí)波斯人處于大流士三世的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之下，大流士三世既是一個(gè)平庸的統(tǒng)治者，也是一個(gè)平庸的指揮官。當(dāng)然，亞歷山大的勝利在一定程度上也是因?yàn)樗且晃环欠驳膽?zhàn)略天才。
（譯注：大流士三世是波斯阿契美尼德王朝末代君主，他的經(jīng)歷有點(diǎn)類似于中國(guó)歷史上的一些皇帝。出生旁支，當(dāng)時(shí)大宦官巴古把持朝政，大流士只好與其虛與委蛇，取得信任。因巴古殺得王室凋零，只好輪到大流士三世繼位，其獲得統(tǒng)治權(quán)之后讓巴古喝下毒酒死亡。主要成就鎮(zhèn)壓了埃及叛亂。）

Alexander’s victory was the result of perfect storm. If Alexander had not gotten lucky, then, even with all his cunning, he still would not have been able to conquer the Persians. If he had gotten lucky, but had not been as strategically talented, he would not have been able to conquer the Persians then either. Only with both factors going in his favor was he able to pull such a stunning conquest.

亞歷山大的勝利是當(dāng)時(shí)波斯各種糟糕的事情接憧而至的結(jié)果。如果亞歷山大沒(méi)有運(yùn)氣，那么，即使他再狡猾，他仍然無(wú)法征服波斯人。如果他只有運(yùn)氣好，沒(méi)有過(guò)人的謀略，那么他也就不可能征服波斯人。只有這兩種因素都有利于他，他才能取得如此驚人的勝利。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://nxnpts.cn 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Alexander’s conquest of the Achaemenid Empire was not the end of Persia, however. The Persians began building a new empire in the third century BC: the Parthian Empire. The Parthian Empire never reached the same territorial extent as the earlier Achaemenid Empire, but it still conquered a lot of land.

然而，亞歷山大征服阿契美尼德帝國(guó)并不是波斯的終結(jié)。波斯人在公元前三世紀(jì)開(kāi)始建立一個(gè)新的帝國(guó)：帕提亞帝國(guó)。帕提亞帝國(guó)從未達(dá)到與早期阿契美尼德帝國(guó)相同的領(lǐng)土范圍，但它仍然征服了許多土地。
（譯注：帕提亞帝國(guó)也就是我們中國(guó)所記載的安息國(guó)，是波斯人所建立，但是是波斯少數(shù)民族建立的，類似于中國(guó)的清王朝。安息帝國(guó)與羅馬，漢朝，貴霜帝國(guó)成為同時(shí)期的世界四大并列強(qiáng)國(guó)。）

ABOVE: Map of the Parthian Empire at its greatest territorial extent

上圖：帕提亞帝國(guó)全盛時(shí)期的地圖。

The Parthians were able to hold more than their own against the Romans. In 53 BC, the Parthian general Surena famously utterly trounced a much larger Roman army under the command of the Roman general Crassus in the Battle of Carrhae.

帕提亞人非常善于對(duì)付羅馬人。公元前53年，帕提亞將軍蘇雷納在卡萊戰(zhàn)役中徹底擊敗了由羅馬將軍克拉蘇指揮的一支規(guī)模比他們更大的羅馬軍隊(duì)。
（譯注：卡萊戰(zhàn)役：兩萬(wàn)安息人對(duì)陣四萬(wàn)人的羅馬軍團(tuán)，羅馬軍隊(duì)全軍覆沒(méi)，羅馬三巨頭之一的克拉蘇被殺，羅馬軍團(tuán)的鷹旗被奪，是羅馬帝國(guó)最恥辱的戰(zhàn)斗之一。）

The Battle of Carrhae was one of the worst defeats Rome ever suffered. The Parthians killed or captured nearly all of the Romans who were at the battle and killed Crassus himself. That defeat was utterly humiliating for the Romans on its own, but the Parthians also captured numerous Roman golden eagles. Ultimately, partially because of that battle and partially because of the ensuing collapse of the Roman Republic, the Romans never conquered the Parthian homeland.
Although the Parthian Empire remained a thorn in Rome’s side for many centuries, it ultimately collapsed on its own and was replaced by the Sassanian Empire, which was stronger and more of a real threat to the Roman Empire during its waning years. The Roman emperor Julian the Apostate was famously killed in battle against the Sassanians in the Battle of Samarra on 26 June 363.

卡萊戰(zhàn)役是羅馬遭受的最嚴(yán)重的失敗之一。帕提亞人殺死或俘虜了幾乎所有參加戰(zhàn)斗的羅馬人，并殺死了克拉蘇。這一失敗對(duì)羅馬人來(lái)說(shuō)是一種徹底的羞辱，但帕提亞人也俘獲了無(wú)數(shù)的羅馬金鷹（譯注：指鷹旗）。最終，因?yàn)檫@場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和之后羅馬共和國(guó)的崩潰，導(dǎo)致羅馬人從來(lái)沒(méi)有征服過(guò)帕提亞的家園。
雖然許多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，帕提亞帝國(guó)一直是羅馬一側(cè)的威脅，但最終帕提亞自己崩潰了，取而代之的是薩珊帝國(guó)，薩珊帝國(guó)在衰敗的廢墟中誕生崛起，并且更加強(qiáng)大，對(duì)羅馬帝國(guó)構(gòu)成了更大的威脅。公元363年6月26日，羅馬皇帝尤利安在泰西封戰(zhàn)役戰(zhàn)役中與薩珊王朝的戰(zhàn)斗中被殺。
（譯注：薩珊帝國(guó)就是大家所熟知的薩珊波斯。尤利安，英文作“朱利安 Julian”，是戰(zhàn)功卓越的東羅皇帝，最后一位羅馬多神教擁戴者，他野心勃勃遠(yuǎn)征波斯，但是他的對(duì)手也是一位野心勃勃的強(qiáng)人，即波斯皇帝沙普爾二世。）

ABOVE: Map of the Sassanian Empire at its greatest territorial extent in around 620 AD

上圖：公元620年左右全盛時(shí)期的薩珊帝國(guó)領(lǐng)土。

So, yeah, the ancient Persians actually won quite a lot.

所以，是的，古波斯人其實(shí)是經(jīng)常性的贏家。

波斯古代 失敗者 希臘人 馬其頓人 羅馬人

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為什么波斯在古代一直當(dāng)失敗者？他們輸給了希臘人，馬其頓人和羅馬人

為什么波斯在古代一直當(dāng)失敗者？他們輸給了希臘人，馬其頓人和羅馬人