QA問答：如果石油耗盡，沙特阿拉伯會變成像索馬里或非洲國家那樣的窮國嗎？如果他們的石油耗盡了，他們還能像西歐、加拿大或美國那樣保持經(jīng)濟繁榮嗎？
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?
譯文簡介
如果石油耗盡，沙特阿拉伯會變成像索馬里或非洲國家那樣的窮國嗎？如果他們的石油耗盡了，他們還能像西歐、加拿大或美國那樣保持經(jīng)濟繁榮嗎？
正文翻譯
Ola Olasunkanmi, lives in Vancouver, BC
“Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?”Check you question for proper wording or phrasing. Africa is not a country. There are more than 50 countries over here, and not all of them are what you'll call poor.There are more poor people living in Asia than Africa. For instance, India alone has more poor people than all of Africa combined.
“如果石油耗盡，沙特阿拉伯會變成像索馬里或非洲國家那樣的窮國嗎？如果他們的石油耗盡了，他們還能像西歐、加拿大或美國那樣保持經(jīng)濟繁榮嗎？”檢查一下你的問題的措辭是否恰當。非洲不是一個國家，非洲有50多個國家，并不是所有國家都像你所說的那樣貧窮。生活在亞洲的窮人比非洲的更多。例如，僅印度就比整個非洲的貧困人口加起來還多。
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“Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?”Check you question for proper wording or phrasing. Africa is not a country. There are more than 50 countries over here, and not all of them are what you'll call poor.There are more poor people living in Asia than Africa. For instance, India alone has more poor people than all of Africa combined.
“如果石油耗盡，沙特阿拉伯會變成像索馬里或非洲國家那樣的窮國嗎？如果他們的石油耗盡了，他們還能像西歐、加拿大或美國那樣保持經(jīng)濟繁榮嗎？”檢查一下你的問題的措辭是否恰當。非洲不是一個國家，非洲有50多個國家，并不是所有國家都像你所說的那樣貧窮。生活在亞洲的窮人比非洲的更多。例如，僅印度就比整個非洲的貧困人口加起來還多。
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And to answer your question directly, the mindsets of the population within each geographical location you cite are diametrically different, especially towards demands for public goods. Westerners often have, should I say, a docile attitude towards government when things don't go their way. They want so much to believe the good side of things, and so when things do not go well, when things like inequality prevail, still they show enormous restraint and optimism towards their governments and systems of governance.Asians, especially those in the Indo-Arabic sub-continent, are a bit like some countries in Africa, in that they are less willing to tolerate hardship or inequality induced by government incompetence or similar causes.
直接回答你的問題，在你所提到的每個地區(qū)，人們的心態(tài)是完全不同的，特別是對公共產(chǎn)品的需求。我應該說，對于西方人來說，當事情不按他們的意愿發(fā)展時，他們對政府的態(tài)度往往是溫順的。他們非常希望相信事情好的一面，所以當事情進展不順利時，當不平等現(xiàn)象盛行時，他們?nèi)匀粚φ椭卫眢w系表現(xiàn)出極大的克制和樂觀。
Hence whether Saudi Arabia can have a western model society or as you put it, go the way of Africa, depends on what the government does, especially now that its oil reserve is still flowing. What measures it takes to consolidate riches being gained from these reserves so that once they run out the country can still maintain its quality of life.
亞洲人，尤其是那些在印度-阿拉伯次大陸的亞洲人，有點像非洲的一些國家，因為他們不太愿意忍受由政府無能或類似原因?qū)е碌睦щy或不平等。因此，沙特阿拉伯能否擁有一個西方模式的社會，或者像你說的那樣，走上非洲的道路，取決于政府的做法，尤其是在沙特的石油儲備仍在增長的情況下。沙特采取什么措施來鞏固從這些儲備中獲得的財富，以便一旦這些財富耗盡，這個國家仍能保持其生活質(zhì)量。
亞洲人，尤其是那些在印度-阿拉伯次大陸的亞洲人，有點像非洲的一些國家，因為他們不太愿意忍受由政府無能或類似原因?qū)е碌睦щy或不平等。因此，沙特阿拉伯能否擁有一個西方模式的社會，或者像你說的那樣，走上非洲的道路，取決于政府的做法，尤其是在沙特的石油儲備仍在增長的情況下。沙特采取什么措施來鞏固從這些儲備中獲得的財富，以便一旦這些財富耗盡，這個國家仍能保持其生活質(zhì)量。
If Saudi Arabia is unable to do that, especially if it so happens that in the post-oil reserve era you mention, the wealth becomes concentrated in the hands of a few, then you can bet on it that chaos would ensue.So it all depends on the government and whether any post oil era visions they have makes accommodations for the rest of the population to be taken care of.1.3K viewsView Upvoters
如果沙特阿拉伯做不到這一點，特別是如果發(fā)生你提到的后石油儲備時代，財富變得集中在少部分人手里，那么你可以打賭，混亂會隨之而來。所以，這一切都取決于政府，以及他們是否有任何后石油時代的愿景，讓其他的人民得到照顧。
如果沙特阿拉伯做不到這一點，特別是如果發(fā)生你提到的后石油儲備時代，財富變得集中在少部分人手里，那么你可以打賭，混亂會隨之而來。所以，這一切都取決于政府，以及他們是否有任何后石油時代的愿景，讓其他的人民得到照顧。
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你的問題有一點錯誤。不是當沙特阿拉伯耗盡石油的時候，而是當他們耗盡剩余石油的時候。他們的石油供應不會增加，但他們的石油消費量卻在增加，而他們的石油儲量卻固定不變。大約6年前，沙特領導層進行了計算，結(jié)果很可怕。
問題是這個王國用石油發(fā)電，用發(fā)的電來淡化海水，這需要大量的電力。他們還以極低的價格向民眾出售石油。公民可以獲得一次性住房補貼（以前大約7.5萬美元，不確定現(xiàn)在是多少），還可以享受免費的大學教育。問題是這兩條曲線在哪里相交，哪一年沒有多余的石油可以用來出售以使得其人民不會陷入絕境？這方面的問題有很多研究，但我能找到的答案是2100年左右，也就是80年后。
現(xiàn)在，請記住，整個世界正在摒棄內(nèi)燃機，我當然希望在20年后幾乎不會有新車使用汽油。當然我們?nèi)匀恍枰l(fā)電或生產(chǎn)氫氣……石油可能仍然會發(fā)揮作用，但不會到達我們今天使用的量。沙特阿拉伯將面臨挑戰(zhàn)，但原因并非你所想的那樣。沙特人民的一個主要問題是，女性剛剛開始被允許工作，但相當比例（約25%）的男性處于失業(yè)狀態(tài)。
很多男性不知道如何參與工作……大量的外國勞工被引進，加上政府發(fā)放的大量救濟金，以至于王室荒廢了相當大比例人口的人生。參與工作的公民一般都很努力，但很多人缺乏關鍵的解決問題的技能，他們非常迂腐和程序化，但許多人缺乏創(chuàng)造性的解決問題的方案。這些技能對于沙特阿拉伯扭轉(zhuǎn)國家重心以避免這次危機來說是至關重要的。
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?Saudi Arabia is heading towards the blx of extinction .They mainly depend on crude for their dependence .Most of the gdp constitute s from sale of crude and religious tourism .As crude is saturated and in near days no more a resource , it is surely going to feel the pain .The present ruler has been abducted with jhamal khasoggi case .Most of Asian community is heading back to the home country and rules and visa have been tighten .Even the business community from the Asian are being sent back and troubled in business .
Saudi Arabia is not having a positive relations with usa and europe .Saudi is having autocratic style of leadership and no freedom to express .
Saudi Arabia is having cnclicts with neighbouring Arab countries .Now Saudi has crashed the oil market . In short Saudi is running in a huge recession and may surely head towards a depression and the cities would be empty , no people , no expats . As the native Saudi origins are few . The charm would go away .The only Saudi could revive is thinking beyond religion and crude .This is my view .
沙特阿拉伯正走向滅絕的邊緣，他們主要依賴原油，大部分GDP來自原油銷售和宗教旅游。由于原油供給已經(jīng)飽和，在不久的將來（石油）不再是一種資源，沙特肯定會感到疼痛?，F(xiàn)在的統(tǒng)治者被卡舒吉案件綁架了。大多數(shù)亞洲人都回到了自己的國家，簽證和規(guī)則也變得更加嚴格，甚至亞洲人的商業(yè)團體也被遣送回國，在生意上遇到了麻煩。沙特阿拉伯與美國和歐洲的關系也不是很好。
沙特的領導風格是獨裁的，沒有表達自由。沙特阿拉伯正在與阿拉伯鄰國建立聯(lián)系，現(xiàn)在沙特已經(jīng)使石油市場崩潰。簡而言之，沙特正在經(jīng)歷一場巨大的經(jīng)濟衰退，而且肯定會走向蕭條，城市將會空空如也，沒有人，沒有外國人。因為土生土長的沙特人很少。在我看來，沙特唯一能恢復活力的道路是跳出宗教和原油進行思考。這是我的看法。
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?In the moment they are used to have most work done by poor workers from Pakistan, Nepal, Philippines etc. And their wealth is paid by oil export and Mekka tourism. But they are also investing in future technologies like King Fahd University, have stakes in foreign companies and own nice real estate in the UK, Spain and USA.If oil demand runs out and Saudi Arabia is in economic stress, they may soon change their traditional attitudes. They may learn how to do all the things that were done by foreign workers. They can mobilize additional workforce by allowing women to work. They may change from carbon electricity to sun powered green electricity and become a major exporter of this electricity. Powered by green electricity they may produce large volumes of hydrogene which they ship to other countries.The Corona virus is a chance for Saudi Arabia, to start the described needed changes of their society and economy (foreign workers go home, Mekka tourists don’t come).
目前，沙特習慣于讓來自巴基斯坦、尼泊爾、菲律賓等國的貧窮工人來完成大部分工作，他們的財富來自石油出口和麥加旅游，但他們也在投資法赫德國王大學等的未來技術，在外國公司持有股份，在英國、西班牙和美國擁有不錯的房地產(chǎn)。如果石油需求枯竭，而沙特阿拉伯正處于經(jīng)濟壓力之中，他們可能很快就會改變他們的傳統(tǒng)態(tài)度。
他們可以學習外國工人做的所有事情，他們可以通過允許婦女工作來調(diào)動更多的勞動力，他們可能會從化石電力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樘柲艿染G色電力，并成為綠色電力的主要出口國。在綠色電力的驅(qū)動下，他們可以生產(chǎn)大量的氫，然后運往其他國家。對于沙特阿拉伯來說，新冠疫情是一個機會，可以開始進行所描述的社會和經(jīng)濟變革（外國工人回家了，麥加游客不來了）。
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Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?Fat chanceOnly low oil prices will not make it poor. It have huge sovereign investments and is investing in developing different revenue streams.Remember that Saudi’s oil is cheapest to produce. It can easily sustain while others oil producers will collapse. It will boost oil prices - benefit Saudi.BUT The reality will manifest if low prices lead to civil unrest as a result of cut in social expenditure / subsidies and stoppage of infra development projects leading to unemployment even among the local youth.The cheap oil sources then may fall in hands of Taliban or ISIS like people with no benefits to the citizens.It will scare the Royals who will have to settle in America, Europe and Canada. But they will leave with all the wealth leaving almost nothing for the rest.Same thing happened when Chinese Royals left China and settled in Taiwan.Yes. Them Saudi Arabia will join the rank of poor Middle East countries.But the chances are remote.592 views
可能性很小。只有低油價不會讓沙特變窮，因為沙特擁有巨額主權基金，并正在投資開發(fā)不同的收入來源。記住，沙特的石油是最便宜的。當其他產(chǎn)油國崩潰時，沙特可以輕松維持下去。這（供給減少）將推高油價——對沙特有利。但是，如果低油價導致社會支出和補貼的削減以及基礎設施發(fā)展項目的暫停導致失業(yè)，甚至導致當?shù)啬贻p人造成國內(nèi)動亂，那么現(xiàn)實將會如你所言。
廉價的石油資源可能會落入塔利班或ISIS的手中，對沙特公民沒有任何好處。這會嚇到皇室成員，他們將不得不搬到美國、歐洲和加拿大定居，但他們會帶著所有的財富離開，幾乎什么都不會留下。同樣的事情也發(fā)生在中國皇室離開中國（大陸）定居臺灣的時候。沙特將加入貧窮的中東國家行列，但這種可能性很小。
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?Africa is very rich in resources. So if Saudi Arabia loses it’s oil resources, then yes it might become poor, but not necessarily. I hear they have great economic plans to curb this and shift more to service and tourism.Now back to the question it will not get poor like Africa or Somalia perse, because countries in Africa have instability either because of war or political instability with rival factions.But African countries even Somalia is very rich in resources some would say they even have equivalent amount of oil deposits as Saudi Arabia or even more and even other resources.So if they run out of oil they will not become like African countries or economically well of like Western countries, because the demographics is very different.Also I don’t believe that Saudi Arabia will ever become poor since they house the holy cities of Islam, Makka and Madina. A religion with almost 2 billion adheres.633 viewsView Upvoters
非洲的資源非常豐富。因此，如果沙特阿拉伯失去了石油資源，那么沙特可能會變得貧窮，但不一定。我聽說沙特有很龐大的經(jīng)濟計劃來遏制這種情況，更多地轉(zhuǎn)向服務業(yè)和旅游業(yè)?，F(xiàn)在回到你的問題上來，沙特不會變得像非洲或索馬里那樣貧窮，因為非洲國家要么因為戰(zhàn)爭，要么因為敵對派系的斗爭而導致國家不穩(wěn)定。
但非洲國家甚至索馬里的資源都非常豐富，有人會說他們甚至擁有與沙特阿拉伯相當?shù)氖蛢α?，甚至更多，還有其他資源。因此，如果沙特耗盡石油，他們不會變得像非洲國家一樣，也不會像西方國家一樣經(jīng)濟發(fā)達，因為人口結(jié)構(gòu)非常不同。我也不相信沙特阿拉伯會變得貧窮，因為他們擁有伊斯蘭圣城馬卡和麥地那，有近20億人信仰這個宗教。
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?
Noooooooo.Saudi’s law makers are far ahead. The de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman took the leadership in the restructuring the country’s economy, introducing “Vision 2030”, the country's strategic orientation for the next 15 years. Vision 2030 plans to reform Saudi's economy towards a more diversified and privetised structure. It details goals and measures in various fields, from developing non-oil revenues and privatization of the economy to e-government and sustainable development.A $500 billion economic zone to cover an area of 26,000 square kilometres on Saudi Arabia's Red Sea coast, extending into Jordan and Egypt. Neom aims to attract investment in sectors including renewable energy, bio technology, robotics and advanced manufacturing.The announcement followed plans to develop a 34,000 square kilometre area across a lagoon of 50 islands on Saudi Arabia's Red Sea coastline into a luxury tourism destination with laws on a par with international standards. In a further effort to boost the tourism industry.
“如果石油耗盡，沙特阿拉伯會變成像索馬里或非洲國家那樣的窮國嗎？如果他們的石油耗盡了，他們還能像西歐、加拿大或美國那樣經(jīng)濟繁榮嗎？”，不會。沙特的立法者已經(jīng)走在前面了。沙特阿拉伯王儲穆罕默德·本·薩勒曼領導了該國的經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整計劃，提出了“2030愿景”(Vision 2030)，這是該國未來15年的戰(zhàn)略方向。2030愿景計劃對沙特的經(jīng)濟進行改革，使其走向更加多元化和私有化的經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)。
這一計劃詳細說明了從發(fā)展非石油收入和經(jīng)濟私有化到電子政務和可持續(xù)發(fā)展等各個領域的目標和措施。這是一個價值5000億美元的經(jīng)濟區(qū)，位于沙特阿拉伯紅海沿岸，占地26000平方公里，延伸至約旦和埃及。沙特未來的目標是在可再生能源、生物技術、機器人和先進制造等領域吸引投資。此前，為進一步促進旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展，沙特計劃將一塊3.4萬平方公里的橫跨沙特紅海海岸線上的50個島嶼組成的瀉湖區(qū)域開發(fā)成一個豪華旅游目的地，并適用國際標準的法律。
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?Western Europe, Canada or the US have an economy purely based on skilled labor. Those countries innovate a lot, have the best universities on this planet and export goods and services the world needs. All these things came because of centuries of hard work and knowledge accumulated from generation to generation.In the case of Saudis, they just extract everything and sell. They don’t even refine the oil. The society lacks value in education and hard work. The country is built by poorly paid migrants.There is plenty of crude oil, we won’t run out of it. After a few decades, we will mostly use better alternatives like solar, wind and nuclear. And China, Japan and the companies in the US have heavily invested in electric cars. During that time, Saudis either will have to switch their tourism like desert/camel tourism.
The transition will be slow, most likely future Saudis will see this coming.532 viewsView Upvoters
西歐、加拿大或美國的經(jīng)濟完全建立在技術工人的基礎上。這些國家創(chuàng)新很多，擁有世界上最好的大學，出口世界需要的商品和服務。所有這一切都是數(shù)百年的辛勤勞動和一代又一代的知識積累的結(jié)果。就沙特人而言，他們榨取一切，然后出售。他們甚至不提煉石油，社會缺乏教育和努力工作的價值觀，這個國家是由低收入的移民建立起來的。
（地球上）有大量的原油，我們用不完的。幾十年后，我們將主要使用更好的替代能源，如太陽能、風能和核能。中國、日本和美國的公司也在電動汽車上投入巨資。在此期間，沙特人不得不改變他們的旅游方式，比如在沙漠用駱駝旅行。過渡將是緩慢的，未來的沙特人很可能會看到這一點。
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?Saudi citizens produce very little of value, they don’t even run their own oil fields. Most enjoy payment for what others found under their land.It is a strange irony that one of the few Saudi’s who worked and created things of value (wealth) was Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, father of Osama bin Laden. Mohammad evidently was from a poor family and worked to create a successful construction company after WWI. Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden - WikipediaWithout many more people like Mohammed bi Laden Saudi Arabia will revert to being a poor country inhabited by a few people with a great deal of money once the oil runs out. But that may take a long time.952 viewsView Upvoters
沙特國民自己進行的生產(chǎn)的價值很少，他們甚至不經(jīng)營自己的油田。大多數(shù)人因為別人在他們的土地下發(fā)現(xiàn)的東西而享受報酬。這是一個奇怪的諷刺，穆罕默德·本·阿瓦德·本·拉登是奧薩馬·本·拉登的父親，他是為數(shù)不多的工作并創(chuàng)造了有價值的東西（財富）的沙特人之一。穆罕默德顯然來自一個貧窮的家庭，他在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后努力創(chuàng)建了一家成功的建筑公司——維基百科。如果沒有更多像穆罕默德·本·拉登這樣的人，一旦石油耗盡，沙特將會變成一個只有少數(shù)富人居住的貧窮國家，但這可能需要很長時間。
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?
"Successful countries do not have oil at all."——Fahd Amer Al-Ahmadi，Saudi Author.
The future is for the countries that implement technologies such as quantum computing, vertical farming, electric cars, robotics , artificial intelligence, renewable energy to the well-being of its economy.The good news, Saudi Arabia, is prepared and preparing for that day.
The US became an oil exporter, nothing happened to Saudi Arabia
14th of September 2019, Iran’s terrorist attack on Saudi Oil Facilities. Nothing happened to Saudi Arabia
On the 29th of April 2020, oil prices hit below zero low. And nothing happened to Saudi Arabia, absolutely nothing. We are not afraid of oil reserves to run out. Over supplies are way more dangerous to the Saudi economy.171 views
成功的國家根本沒有石油?！程刈骷褾ahd Amer Al-Ahmadi。未來是那些將量子計算、垂直農(nóng)業(yè)、電動汽車、機器人、人工智能、可再生能源等技術應用于本國經(jīng)濟的國家。好消息是，沙特阿拉伯正在為那一天做準備。美國成為石油出口國，沙特阿拉伯卻什么都沒發(fā)生。2019年9月14日，伊朗對沙特石油設施發(fā)動恐怖襲擊，沙特阿拉伯什么也沒發(fā)生。2020年4月29日，油價跌至零以下的低點。沙特阿拉伯什么也沒發(fā)生，絕對沒有。我們不怕石油儲備耗盡，供應過剩對沙特經(jīng)濟來說要危險得多。
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?When the oil runs out, the money runs out. Saudi Arabia has little else to offer the world except the Muslim holy places, which will endure as a significant destination for religious pilgrimage.Other than that . . . SA has camels and dates, neither of which are big moneymakers. The population will become extremely restive when its pampered lifestyle can no longer be supported by oil wealth.Fortunately for the House of Saud, this will not happen anytime soon. Demand for oil is softening, but the world’s population is growing and becoming more affluent, and it isn’t buying electric cars. SA has a long way to run.854 viewsView Upvoters
石油用完了，錢也就用完了。除了穆斯林圣地之外，沙特阿拉伯幾乎沒有什么能奉獻給世界的，而這些圣地將一直是宗教朝圣的重要目的地。除此之外……沙特有駱駝和椰棗，但這兩種都不賺錢。當石油財富不能再支撐人們嬌生慣養(yǎng)的生活方式時，人們將變得極度焦躁不安。對沙特王室來說幸運的是，這不會很快發(fā)生。對石油的需求正在減弱，但世界人口正在增長，越來越富裕，人們并沒有都在購買電動汽車。沙特（要想經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型）有很長的路要走。
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Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?
That’s the $20,000 question.The current Saudi regime is desperately trying to develop new areas of production and technology in Saudi Arabia.But without a hard-working, skilled workforce, Saudi Arabia can’t prosper without the oil.724 viewsView Upvoters
這是一個價值兩萬美元的問題。雖然當前的沙特政權正拼命努力在沙特開發(fā)新的生產(chǎn)和技術領域。但是，沒有勤勞、熟練的勞動力，沒有石油，沙特阿拉伯就無法繁榮。
Will Saudi Arabia become a very poor country like Somalia or Africa if oil runs out? Can they become just economically well just like Western Europe, Canada, or the United States if their petroleum run out?
i doubt they will progress to a developed economy. It will depend on what happens to the guest workers who operate the economy. Its not likely that they will want to stay in an autocratic exclusionary state where they cannot become citizens, and the remaining emirati are largely rentiers, not known to be energetic, innovative, and industrious.
我懷疑沙特能否發(fā)展成為發(fā)達經(jīng)濟體，這將取決于運轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)濟的外來工人的情況。他們不太可能想要留在一個無法成為公民的專制排外的國家，而剩下的人大多是食利者，缺乏活力、創(chuàng)新和勤奮。