為什么除了美國(guó)以外的國(guó)家沒有把人送上月球？為什么蘇聯(lián)停止了登月的努力？中國(guó)或印度會(huì)啟動(dòng)太空計(jì)劃嗎？

原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.ltaaa.com 翻譯：阿煌看什么 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處

Balaji Viswanathan, Have been studying US history for a decade.
In the aftermath of the World War 2, only two powers got most of the key Nazi scientists - USA and USSR. US especially hit upon guys like Wernher von Braun - Hitler''s brilliant rocket scientist who built the V-2 rockets that were later repurposed for the space program [Operation Paperclip and Operation Epsilon].
Just before that, in 1940, United States received a huge bonanza from UK, where the UK pretty much transferred all their key technological secrets to the US [How the Tizard Mission paved the way for research at MIT and Briefcase ''that changed the world''] making US the ultimate technological superpower. UK did this in a desperate bid to fight off the Nazis, by helping the Americans implement the technology for which UK desperately lacked the resources.
Just before that, US had a massive inflow of German Jews [such as Albert Einstein] fleeing the Nazis who again helped build a lot of scientific and technological foundations.
Of course, the US had plenty of great scientists even at the start of the 20th century. However, US had these three lucky events in just over a decade, that dramatically strengthened their sciences. In the post-war period, they were the only ones left with a great economy to capitalize on all that. USSR tried racing the US in space using the Nazis they captured [German legacy in the Soviet rocketry] and for a while they were the forerunner. However, their economy was not as big and their collaboration was not as global to continue the advantage.
The only other major economic power in that period was Japan and they didn''t have the advantage of getting Nazi scientists nor they could invest a lot on rockets without raising suspicions of remilitarization. Countries like India, China and Brazil were too poor to invest heavily in expensive missions. They still got plenty of achievements though.
Again, US had the incentive to push to the moon. They were fighting a cold war with USSR and they had to show they were the superior. If the Russians had not launched Sputnik & other adventures, the Apollo mission might not have happened that soon. This is evident in how quickly NASA lost its funding priorities since the end of the cold war. Most of the rest of the world didn''t have an equal incentive.
In the 21st century, China is heavily investing in space and India is following suit. China''s Moon Missions Explained (Infographic) and India speeds up progress on its Moon mission. Now, there is a space race in Asia [It’s On: Asia’s New Space Race] as these economies finally got to a point where they can put more resources. Just like in the case of US-USSR, this is a race for domination and this incentive is providing a powerful push.
However, they still don''t have the advantage of global collaboration like the US does [being the hub of the west - getting best of talent & tech from Europe, Australia, Canada etc]. It will take a long time for countries like China to catch up to NASA, but the gap grows shorter day by day.

Balaji Viswanathan，我已經(jīng)研究美國(guó)歷史十年了。
在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后，只有兩個(gè)大國(guó)得到了大部分關(guān)鍵的納粹科學(xué)家——美國(guó)和蘇聯(lián)。 美國(guó)人特別喜歡像沃納·馮·布勞恩這樣的人，他是希特勒杰出的火箭科學(xué)家，他制造了 V-2火箭，后來用于太空計(jì)劃（回形針行動(dòng)和艾普西隆行動(dòng)）。
就在那之前，1940年，美國(guó)從英國(guó)獲得了巨大的財(cái)源，英國(guó)幾乎把他們所有的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)秘密轉(zhuǎn)讓給了美國(guó)，使美國(guó)成為終極的技術(shù)超級(jí)大國(guó)。英國(guó)這樣做是為了孤注一擲地?fù)敉思{粹，幫助美國(guó)實(shí)施英國(guó)極度缺乏資源的技術(shù)。

就在那之前，大量德國(guó)猶太人(比如愛因斯坦)涌入美國(guó)，逃離納粹，他們?cè)俅螏椭绹?guó)建立了大量的科學(xué)和技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。
當(dāng)然，即使在20世紀(jì)初，美國(guó)也有許多偉大的科學(xué)家。 然而，美國(guó)在短短十多年的時(shí)間里發(fā)生了三件幸運(yùn)的事情，極大地加強(qiáng)了他們的科學(xué)。在戰(zhàn)后時(shí)期，他們是唯一擁有強(qiáng)大經(jīng)濟(jì)的國(guó)家，可以利用這一切。蘇聯(lián)曾試圖利用他們俘獲的納粹與美國(guó)在太空競(jìng)賽，有一段時(shí)間他們是先驅(qū)。然而，他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模沒有那么大，他們的合作也沒有那么全球化，無法繼續(xù)保持這一優(yōu)勢(shì)。



Mark Anthony , Internet Marketing, American Patriot, Business Professional
China and India already have a space program. They have all the technology needed to colonize the moon since we basically gave them everything we had in 2009. They just need to get up to speed with it and be able to understand what all they have.
But for America? Too expensive? Really?? You say that while typing on a keyboard made from a chemical that was perfected from space research. You are using the Internet that got a huge jump forward with the creation of the semi conductor that was perfected by technology created for the space program and the race to the moon.
We have learned almost all that we can from going to the moon. Going there now just to say you did it is not worth the effort or the cost. What is needed next (and Russia is working on it) is to go from the moon outward. That''s where the exploration and the new discoveries that will change the world are waiting.
Most politicians now, are looking only at the next election, not at the future. Remember, it was President Kennedy that said He wanted America to go to the moon by the end of the DECADE, not the end of the election cycle. He saw the long term gains of space. He was in it for America and knew it would not be easy or fast but it would be beneficial to all.
If the International Space Station was a fixed base on the moon, its overall costs would be cut in half and we launch from there outward would be cheaper and more efficient in the long run. But expensive in the short term and would take international cooperation.

Mark Anthony 網(wǎng)絡(luò)營(yíng)銷，美國(guó)愛國(guó)者，商業(yè)專家
中國(guó)和印度已經(jīng)有了自己的太空計(jì)劃。自從我們?cè)?009年基本上給了他們所有的東西后，他們就擁有了殖民月球所需的一切技術(shù)。他們只需要跟上潮流，并且能夠理解他們所擁有的一切。
但對(duì)美國(guó)來說呢？ 太貴了？ 真的嗎？你說，當(dāng)你在鍵盤上打字的時(shí)候，這個(gè)鍵盤是由一種從太空研究中得到完善的化學(xué)物質(zhì)制成的。你正在使用的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，是隨著太空計(jì)劃和登月競(jìng)賽技術(shù)的發(fā)展，半導(dǎo)體的創(chuàng)造得到了巨大的飛躍。

我們從登月中幾乎學(xué)到了我們所能學(xué)到的一切?，F(xiàn)在去那里只是為了說你做到了，不值得付出努力或代價(jià)。接下來需要的(俄羅斯正在努力)是從月球向外探索。這就是那些將改變世界的探索和新發(fā)現(xiàn)正在等待的地方。
大多數(shù)政客現(xiàn)在只關(guān)注下一次選舉，而不是未來。記住，是肯尼迪總統(tǒng)說過他希望在這個(gè)十年結(jié)束前美國(guó)能登上月球，而不是選舉周期結(jié)束。他看到了空間的長(zhǎng)期收益。他是為了美國(guó)而戰(zhàn)，他知道這不是一件容易的事情，也不是一蹴而就的事情，但這對(duì)所有人都有好處。
如果國(guó)際空間站是月球上的一個(gè)固定基地，那么它的總成本將減少一半，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看，我們從那里向外發(fā)射將更加便宜和高效。 但在短期內(nèi)代價(jià)昂貴，需要國(guó)際合作。

Kévin Leroux
Why send someone who can die when you can send robots which are cheaper and more efficient ?
Of course sending a man on the moon is a technological breakthrough and a powerful show of science and technology for the country who did it.
However, it stop there, the soviets weren''t going to send a man on the moon to be second it has no interest and they had huge problems with their rockets which was going worse because their main scientist Mr. korolev (the soviet equivalent of von Braun) died.
Today it''s different, technology has massively improved as science. We now know that the moon is rich in resources which could be exploited and the moon could be used as a base to send men to other planets such as Mars.
Also the world had changed since 1969, the USSR collapsed and China became a new adversary to the US so we could get another space course.
For countries like China and India they need to get a good level of experience in this field, China has made big steps such as successfully land a robot on the dark side of the moon and India is doing similar program such as successfully sending probes even they are behind China actually.
I don''t know if other countries could do this but it''s likely that we see a man on the moon in the next 10-20 years.

既然可以派出更便宜、更有效率的機(jī)器人，為什么還要派出會(huì)死的人呢？
當(dāng)然，將人類送上月球是一項(xiàng)技術(shù)突破，也是這個(gè)國(guó)家強(qiáng)有力的科技展示。
然而，到此為止，蘇聯(lián)人并不打算把人送上月球成為第二個(gè)人，他們對(duì)此毫無興趣，而且他們的火箭存在著巨大的問題，由于他們的主要科學(xué)家科羅廖夫先生(蘇聯(lián)版的凡 · 布勞恩)的死亡，火箭的情況正變得更糟。
今天不同了，科學(xué)技術(shù)有了很大的進(jìn)步。我們現(xiàn)在知道，月球擁有豐富的資源，可以開發(fā)利用，月球可以作為基地，來把人送到其他星球，如火星。



Uri Granta (???? ?????) , not a werewolf
Why haven''t countries other than the US gone to the moon?
If the question is about manned missions, then as the other answers note the main reason is cost-benefit. However, multiple countries have sent unmanned craft to the moon. The USSR was the first country to reach the moon (1959), photograph its far side (1959) and soft land there (1966). Japan (1990), Europe (2003), China (2007) and India (2008) have all sent moon orbiters, and China has also carried out a soft landing (2013) and is planning to return lunar samples in 2017.
First image from the surface of the moon, from the USSR''s Luna 9 probe, Feb. 3-4, 1966. (Credit: Roscosmos)

為什么除了美國(guó)以外的國(guó)家沒有登上過月球？
如果問題是關(guān)于載人飛行任務(wù)，那么正如其他答案所指出的那樣，主要原因是成本效益。 然而，許多國(guó)家已經(jīng)向月球發(fā)射了無人駕駛飛船。 蘇聯(lián)是第一個(gè)登上月球的國(guó)家(1959年) ，拍攝了月球的背面(1959年)和軟土地(1966年)。日本(1990年)、歐洲(2003年)、中國(guó)(2007年)和印度(2008年)都發(fā)射了月球探測(cè)器，中國(guó)還進(jìn)行了軟著陸(2013年) ，并在2017年返回月球樣本。
1966年2月3日至4日，蘇聯(lián)“月球9號(hào)”探測(cè)器拍攝的第一張?jiān)虑虮砻嬲掌?br />
Eric Worrall , Director of Desirable Apps
Because nobody has the balls to do what must be done.
The Manhattan scientists developed a space drive in the 1950s, which would have allowed affordable exploration and colonisation of space. The most powerful version of the space drive could have powered a starship - sent a manned mission to Alpha Centauri, at 10% of the speed of light.
The space drive was briefly considered for the Apollo mission. But the space drive was nuclear. The old NAZI V2 scientist Wernher von Braun successfully campaigned against the nuclear option - so Apollo used spectacular, but utterly impractical chemical rockets, based on his old V2 systems.
I’ve sometimes wondered whether Von Braun’s vigorous defence of chemical rockets was his last gift to his Fuhrer. Because when he won the debate, not only did he stunt the space ambitions, he also ensured that the Jew Albert Einstein’s legacy to the world would be a terrible weapon, instead of a new space drive which could have opened our way to the stars.

因?yàn)闆]有人有膽量去做必須做的事。
曼哈頓的科學(xué)家們?cè)?0世紀(jì)50年代開發(fā)了一種太空推進(jìn)技術(shù)，這種技術(shù)本可以讓人們負(fù)擔(dān)得起探索和太空殖民的費(fèi)用。最強(qiáng)大的太空推進(jìn)器可以為一艘星際飛船提供動(dòng)力——以10%的光速向半人馬座阿爾法星發(fā)射載人飛船。
太空推進(jìn)器曾被短暫地考慮用于阿波羅任務(wù)。 但是太空推進(jìn)是核能的。 因此，阿波羅使用了壯觀的、但是完全不切實(shí)際的化學(xué)火箭，這些火箭都是基于沃納·馮·布勞恩的舊V2系統(tǒng)。
我有時(shí)想知道布勞恩對(duì)化學(xué)火箭的有力保護(hù)，是否是他送給他元首希特勒的最后禮物。因?yàn)楫?dāng)他贏得辯論時(shí)，他不僅阻礙了美國(guó)的太空野心，他還確保了猶太人阿爾伯特 · 愛因斯坦留給世界的遺產(chǎn)是一個(gè)可怕的武器，而不是一個(gè)新的太空推進(jìn)器，它本可以開辟我們通往星辰的道路。

Richard J Breen
it was a race! USA "won" but at GREAT COST , in money and almost in lives.
Russia had fatal failures. It was just too expensive for them. the Soviets DID put up the first satellite ( in the process demonstrating that they could have an intercontinental missile which shocked America) Soviets also had the first animal, the first man and the first woman in space and the first exploration of Venus.

那是場(chǎng)比賽！ 美國(guó)“贏了” ，但付出了巨大的代價(jià)，無論是金錢還是生命。
俄羅斯有過致命的失敗。這對(duì)他們來說代價(jià)太大了。蘇聯(lián)確實(shí)發(fā)射了第一顆人造衛(wèi)星(在這個(gè)過程中，他們證明了他們可能擁有一枚震驚美國(guó)的洲際導(dǎo)彈)蘇聯(lián)也實(shí)現(xiàn)了第一次動(dòng)物、第一次男人和第一次女人進(jìn)入太空，還有第一次探索了金星。

Doug Schwan , studied at Alternative Medicine, Physics
Only two countries up to now had the resources for a manned mission to the moon.
The Russians did participate in the race but they were hampered by their inability to manufacture large bellows required for a heavy lift rocket engine. The bellows are the large nozzles where the rocket exhaust comes out.
To compensate, instead of 5 very large rocket engines like we used in the Apollo 1st stage, they built a rocket (The N1) which had 30 separate 1st stage engines!
The vibration and shock arising out of all these engines was too much for the designers to overcome and the rockets kept exploding on launch—-one creating the largest non-nuclear man made explosion ever recorded.
The Russians gave up after the U.S. was successful and no other country has the resources to come close to duplicating the feat.



Jayan Cherian
The manned missions were taken up purely because of the cold war political scenario at that time. The project was not propelled by any scientific quest or for discovery. The russians beat the US at almost all the space missions. Kennedy came into office and promised catching up in the race by pumping in money to outdo the russians. Once the soviets imploded the need for such a race has gone. If the motivations are purely scientific it makes much more sense to send robots than send manned missions. Manned missions are purely for prestige. China has announced a manned mission. Until a political equivalent of cold war emerges again I don''t see a prospect of pumping so much money for prestige driven missions.

開展載人飛行任務(wù)完全是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的冷戰(zhàn)政治局勢(shì)。 這個(gè)項(xiàng)目并沒有受到任何科學(xué)探索或發(fā)現(xiàn)的推動(dòng)。俄羅斯人在幾乎所有的太空任務(wù)上都擊敗了美國(guó)?？夏岬先胫靼讓m，承諾通過投入資金趕超俄羅斯，之后在競(jìng)選中迎頭趕上。一旦蘇聯(lián)解體了，這種競(jìng)賽的必要性就不復(fù)存在了。如果動(dòng)機(jī)純粹是科學(xué)性的，那么派遣機(jī)器人比派遣載人航天任務(wù)更有意義。載人航天任務(wù)純粹是為了威望。中國(guó)已經(jīng)宣布了載人航天任務(wù)。在政治上類似于冷戰(zhàn)的局面再次出現(xiàn)之前，為聲望而驅(qū)動(dòng)的任務(wù)投入這么多資金，我看不到它的未來。

Damion Jones
The cost. Its mega expensive. ( Alrthough its cheaper than filling your car with petrol in the UK )
Russia didnt actually stop its efforts. It was a Race between the US and Russia and the US won. There was no need to really rush after that. Russia are still doing plenty with geting into space and they will be sending people to the moon soon, but the race was won and thats why they kind of backed off.
China and India already do have a space program. Have doen for a while. however, safety is so vital now, that they are not going to cut corners like the US did… They are goinmg to also use the mistakes that NASA made, to make sure that they dont happen again, plus of course, we have acces to better materials that are stronger and lighter
Its all good.

成本超級(jí)昂貴。(盡管在英國(guó)這比給汽車加油還要便宜)
俄羅斯實(shí)際上并沒有停止努力。這是一場(chǎng)美俄之間的競(jìng)賽，美國(guó)贏了。在那之后就沒有必要真的這么匆忙了。俄羅斯仍然在進(jìn)入太空方面做了大量的工作，他們很快就會(huì)把人送上月球，但競(jìng)賽中美國(guó)已經(jīng)取得了勝利，這就是為什么他們有點(diǎn)退縮了。
中國(guó)和印度已經(jīng)有了太空計(jì)劃一段時(shí)間了。然而，安全非常重要，他們不會(huì)像美國(guó)那樣走捷徑... 他們也將利用美國(guó)宇航局犯下的錯(cuò)誤，以確保他們不會(huì)再次發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)然，我們現(xiàn)在有更好、更堅(jiān)固和更輕的材料

Gwydion Madawc Williams
The Soviets did manage to get some moon-rock, but only after the US landing. There was a lot more to be learned from Mars and Venus, Mars especially. Lots of automatic probes have gone to the moon. NOthing very dramatic found. China has a flourishing space program and probably will send people to the moon, mainly to demonstrate that they are superior to everyone except the USA. India also has a program but is way behind, no astronauts yet. Japan has been unexpectedly bad at developing a space program.

蘇聯(lián)人的確設(shè)法得到了一些月球巖石，但只是在美國(guó)登陸之后。從火星和金星，特別是火星，我們可以學(xué)到很多東西。許多自動(dòng)探測(cè)器已經(jīng)到達(dá)月球。并沒有什么特別的發(fā)現(xiàn)。中國(guó)有著蒸蒸日上的太空計(jì)劃，可能日后會(huì)把人送上月球，主要是為了證明他們比除了美國(guó)以外的任何人都優(yōu)越。印度也有一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，但還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后，目前還沒有宇航員。日本在發(fā)展太空計(jì)劃方面的表現(xiàn)也出乎意料地糟糕。



Philip Rabe , former Construction Coordinator (1988-2013)
China and India have well established space agencies, China is well on the way to a manned moon landing, which will almost CERTAINLY include a woman.
Australia and New Zealand also have newborn space programs. Many advanced countries manufacture satellites and space hardware. Then there are all of the recent private American launch companies, at least one of which has lunar aspirations.

Philip Rabe 、前建造統(tǒng)籌主任(1988-2013)
中國(guó)和印度已經(jīng)建立了完善的航天機(jī)構(gòu)，中國(guó)正在實(shí)現(xiàn)載人登月，其中幾乎肯定會(huì)包括一名女性。
澳大利亞和新西蘭也有新的太空計(jì)劃。許多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家制造衛(wèi)星和太空硬件。 還有最近所有的美國(guó)私人發(fā)射公司，其中至少有一家有登月的抱負(fù)。